Keywords
Weight loss in lipedema
Dietary supplements
Fat burning supplements
Fat burners
Dietary supplements
Fat burning supplements
Fat burners
Abstract
Lipedema is a chronic disease that mostly manifests in females as the abnormal distribution of subcutaneous adipose connective tissue, usually coupled with bruising, pain, and edema. Lipedema molecular pathophysiology is currently not clear, but several studies suggest that genetics and hormonal imbalance participate in lipedema pathogenesis. Women with lipedema present in some cases with elevated body mass index, and the appearance of obesity in addition to lipedema, where the obesity can cause serious health issues as in lipedema-free individuals with obesity, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Unlike obesity, lipedema tissue does not respond well to diet or physical exercise alone. Therefore, in this review we discuss the effect of various dietary supplements that, along with diet and physical exercise, cause fat burning and weight loss, and which could potentially be important in the treatment of lipedema. Indeed, an effective fat burner should convert stored fats into energy, mobilize and break down triglycerides in adipocytes, boost metabolism and inhibit lipogenesis. Common ingredients of fat burning supplements are green tea, caffeine, chromium, carnitine, and conjugated linoleic acid. The use of fat burners could act synergistically with a healthy diet and physical exercise for decreasing adipose tissue deposition in patients with lipedema and resolve related health issues. The effects of fat burners in human studies are sometimes contradictory, and further studies should test their effectiveness in treating lipedema.
References
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[6] Paolacci S, Precone V, Acquaviva F, Chiurazzi P, Fulcheri E, Pinelli M, Buffelli F, Michelini S, Herbst KL, Unfer V, Bertelli M. Genetics of lipedema: new perspectives on genetic research and molecular diagnoses. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2019;23:5581-94. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201907_18292
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[11] Vettori A, Paolacci S, Maltese PE, Herbst KL. Cestari, M, Michelini S, Michelini S, Samaja M, Bertelli M. Genetic determinants of the effects of training on muscle and adipose tissue homeostasis in obesity associated with lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol 2021;19:322-33. https://doi.org/10.1089/lrb.2020.0057
[12] Vettori A, Pompucci G, Paolini B, del Ciondolo I, Bressan S, Dundar M, Kenanoğlu S, Unfer V, Bertelli M. Geneob project genetic background, nutrition and obesity: a review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2019;23:1751-61. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201902_17137
[13] Dhuli K, Ceccarini MR, Precone V, Maltese PE, Bonetti G, Paolacci S, Dautaj A, Guerri G, Marceddu G, Beccari T, Michelini S, Bertelli M. Improvement of quality of life by intake of Hydroxytyrosol in patients with lymphedema and association of lymphedema genes with obesity. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2021;25:33-42. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202112_27331
[14] Camilleri G, Kiani AK, Herbst KL, Kaftalli J, Bernini A, Dhuli K, Manara E, Bonetti G, Stuppia L, Paolacci S, Dautaj A, Bertelli M. Genetics of fat deposition. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2021;25:14-22. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202112_27329
[15] El-Zayat SR, Sibaii H, El-Shamy KA. Physiological process of fat loss. Bull Natl Res Cent 2019;43:208. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0238-z
[16] Kersten S. Mechanisms of nutritional and hormonal regulation of lipogenesis. EMBO Rep 2001;2:282-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/embo-reports/kve071
[17] Wood JD, Enser M, Fisher AV, Nute GR, Sheard PR, Richardson RI, Hughes SI, Whittington FM. Fat deposition, fatty acid composition and meat quality: a review. Meat Sci 2008;78:343-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.07.019
[18] Trouwborst I, Bowser SM, Goossens GH, Blaak EE. Ectopic fat accumulation in distinct insulin resistant phenotypes; targets for personalized nutritional interventions. Frontiers Nutr 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00077
[19] Manore MM. Dietary supplements for improving body composition and reducing body weight: where is the evidence? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2012;22:139-54. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.22.2.139
[20] Aksoy H, Karadag AS, Wollina U. Cause and management of lipedema‐associated pain. Dermatol Ther 2021;34. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.14364
[21] Jeukendrup AE, Randell R. Fat burners: nutrition supplements that increase fat metabolism. Obes Rev 2011;12:841-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00908.x
[22] Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, Rotstein J, Hugenholtz A, Feeley M. Effects of caffeine on human health. Food Addit Contam 2003;20:1-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/0265203021000007840
[23] Falcone PH, Tai CY, Carson LR, Joy JM, Mosman MM, Vogel RM, McCann TR, Crona KP, Griffin JD, Kim MP, Moon JR. Subcutaneous and segmental fat loss with and without supportive supplements in conjunction with a low-calorie high protein diet in healthy women. PLOS ONE 2015;10:e0123854. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123854
[24] Onakpoya I, Posadzki P, Ernst E. Chromium supplementation in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Obes Rev 2013;14:496-507. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12026
[25] Onakpoya I, Hunt K, Wider B, Ernst E. Pyruvate supplementation for weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014;54:17-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.565890
[26] Cohen PA, Wang Y, Maller G, DeSouza R, Khan IA. Pharmaceutical quantities of yohimbine found in dietary supplements in the USA. Drug Test Anal 2016;8:357-69. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1849
[27] Acheson KJ, Gremaud G, Meirim I, Montigon F, Krebs Y, Fay LB, Gay L-J, Schneiter P, Schindler C, Tappy L. Metabolic effects of caffeine in humans: lipid oxidation or futile cycling? Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:40-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.1.4
[28] Dulloo AG, Geissler CA, Horton T, Collins A, Miller DS. Normal caffeine consumption: influence on thermogenesis and daily energy expenditure in lean and postobese human volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:44-50. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/49.1.44
[29] Shekelle PG. Efficacy and safety of ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2003;289:1537-45. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.12.1537
[30] Onslev J, Jacobson G, Narkowicz C, Backer V, Kalsen A, Kreiberg M, Jessen S, Bangsbo J, Hostrup M. Beta2-Adrenergic stimulation increases energy expenditure at rest, but not during submaximal exercise in active overweight men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017;117:1907-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3679-9
[31] Lafontan M, Berlan M, Galitzky J, Montastruc JL. Alpha-2 adrenoceptors in lipolysis: α2 antagonists and lipid-mobilizing strategies. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55:219S-227S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/55.1.219s
[32] Johnson R, Bryant S, Huntley AL. Green tea and green tea catechin extracts: an overview of the clinical evidence. Maturitas 2012;73:280-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.08.008
[33] Ha E, Zemel MB. Functional properties of whey, whey components, and essential amino acids: mechanisms underlying health benefits for active people (Review). J Nutr Biochem 2003;14:251-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(03)00030-5
[34] Maki KC, Reeves MS, Farmer M, Yasunaga K, Matsuo N, Katsuragi Y, Komikado M, Tokimitsu I, Wilder D, Jones F, Blumberg JB, Cartwright Y. Green tea catechin consumption enhances exercise-induced abdominal fat loss in overweight and obese adults. J Nutr 2009;139:264-70. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.098293
[35] Dangin M, Boirie Y, Guillet C, Beaufrère B. Influence of the protein digestion rate on protein turnover in young and elderly subjects. J Nutr 2002;132:3228S-3233S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.10.3228S
[36] Delbeke FT, van Eenoo P, van Thuyne W, Desmet N. Prohormones and sport. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002;83:245-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0760(02)00274-1
[37] Jones ME, Thorburn AW, Britt KL, Hewitt KN, Wreford NG, Proietto J, Oz OK, Leury BJ, Robertson KM, Yao S, Simpson ER. Aromatase-Deficient (ArKO) mice have a phenotype of increased adiposity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:12735-40. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.23.12735
[38] Kelly DM, Jones TH. Testosterone and obesity. Obes Rev 2015;16:581-606. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12282
[39] Worrel ME, Gurkovskaya Ov, Leonard ST, Lewis PB, Winsauer PJ. Effects of 7-Keto dehydroepiandrosterone on voluntary ethanol intake in male rats. Alcohol 2011;45:349-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2010.08.020
[40] Zenk JL, Frestedt JL, Kuskowski MA. HUM5007, a novel combination of thermogenic compounds, and 3-Acetyl-7-Oxo-Dehydroepiandrosterone: each increases the resting metabolic rate of overweight adults. J Nutr Biochem 2007;18:629-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.11.008
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