Keywords
Women’s cancer
Nutritional genomics
Nutrigenetics
Nutrigenomics
Mediterranean diet
Nutritional genomics
Nutrigenetics
Nutrigenomics
Mediterranean diet
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death among women all over the world. Female tissue-specific cancers are the most commonly diagnosed among women and account for most cancer-related deaths. The main risk factors for women’s cancer are hereditary factors, specific exposure to dangerous chemicals, disorders such as hormone imbalance, and lifestyle. High body mass index, low physical activity, low intake of fruit and vegetables, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, lack of cancer screening and treatment are the most common risk factors. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics are both part of nutritional genomics. Nutrigenetics is how a person’s body reacts to nutrients based on his/her genotype. It can be used to create a personalized diet, maintain a person’s health, avoid disease, and if necessary to sustain therapy. Nutrigenomics studies the impact of nutrition on gene expression and the epigenomic, proteomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic effects of dietary intake. There is evidence that diet matters for different women’s cancers, and is related to cancer progression, survival and treatment. The optimum combination for cancer prevention is a diet rich in vitamins and fibre, with low meat consumption, low milk intake and moderate use of alcohol. The Mediterranean diet looks to be an optimal diet with a good nutrition pattern, qualifying it as a therapy to prescribe.
References
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[26] Calado A, Neves PM, Santos T, Ravasco P. The Effect of Flaxseed in Breast Cancer: A Literature Review. Front Nutr 2018;5:1. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNUT.2018.00004
[27] McTiernan A, Author C. Diet and Prognosis in Women with Breast CancerDiet and Prognosis in Women with Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30:252-4. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-1506
[28] El-Sherif A, El-Sherif S, Taylor AH, Ayakannu T. Ovarian Cancer: Lifestyle, Diet and Nutrition. Nutr Cancer 2021;73:116. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2020.1792948
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[35] Holley AK, Bakthavatchalu V, Velez-Roman JM, St. Clair DK. Manganese Superoxide Dismutase: Guardian of the Powerhouse. Int J Mol Sci 2022;12:7114. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJMS12107114
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[39] Marković AK, Torić J, Barbarić M, Brala CJ. Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and derivatives and their potential effects on human health. Molecules 2019;24. https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES24102001
[40] Sealy N, Hankinson SE, Houghton SC. Olive oil and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and dose-response metaanalysis of observational studies. Br J Nutr 2021;125:1148-56. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520003499
[41] Lloret J. Human health benefits supplied by Mediterranean marine biodiversity. Mar Pollut Bull 2010;60:1640-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2010.07.034
[42] BA S. N-3 fatty acids and lipid peroxidation in breast cancer inhibition. Br J Nutr 2002;87:193-8. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJNBJN2001512
[43] Fabian CJ, Kimler BF, Hursting SD. Omega-3 fatty acids for breast cancer prevention and survivorship. Breast Cancer Res 2015;17:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13058-015-0571-6/ TABLES/3
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[45] Giacosa A, Barale R, Bavaresco L, Faliva MA, Gerbi V, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Opizzi A, Perna S, Pezzotti M, Rondanelli M. Mediterranean Way of Drinking and Longevity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016;56:635-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2012.747484
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[49] Ricceri F, Giraudo MT, Fasanelli F, Milanese D, Sciannameo V, Fiorini L, Sacerdote C. Diet and endometrial cancer: a focus on the role of fruit and vegetable intake, Mediterranean diet and dietary inflammatory index in the endometrial cancer risk. BMC Cancer 2017;17:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12885-0173754-Y
[2] Torre LA, Islami F, Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A. Global Cancer in Women: Burden and Trends. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26:444-57. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI16-0858
[3] Katopodis P, Kerslake R, Zikopoulos A, Beri N, Anikin V. p38β MAPK11 and its role in female cancers. J Ovarian Res 2021;14. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13048-021-00834-9
[4] Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 2015;136:E359-86. https://doi.org/10.1002/IJC.29210
[5] Mentella MC, Scaldaferri F, Ricci C, Gasbarrini A, Miggiano GAD. Cancer and Mediterranean Diet: A Review. Nutrients 2019;11. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU11092059
[6] Bodén S, Myte R, Wennberg M, Harlid S, Johansson I, Shivappa N, Hébert JR, Van Guelpen B, Nilsson LM. The inflammatory potential of diet in determining cancer risk; A prospective investigation of two dietary pattern scores. PLoS One 2019;14. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0214551
[7] Ndlovu T, van Jaarsveld F, Caleb OJ. French and Mediterraneanstyle diets: Contradictions, misconceptions and scientific facts-A review. Food Res Int 2019;116:840-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODRES.2018.09.020
[8] Vineis P, Wild CP. Global cancer patterns: causes and prevention. Lancet (London, England) 2014;383:549-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62224-2
[9] Petric RC, Braicu C, Raduly L, Zanoaga O, Dragos N, Monroig P, Dumitrascu D, Berindan-Neagoe I. Phytochemicals modulate carcinogenic signaling pathways in breast and hormonerelated cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2015;8:2053-66. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S83597
[10] Serrano B, Brotons M, Bosch FX, Bruni L. Epidemiology and burden of HPV-related disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2018;47:14-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. BPOBGYN.2017.08.006
[11] García-Closas R, Castellsagué X, Bosch X, González CA. The role of diet and nutrition in cervical carcinogenesis: a review of recent evidence. Int J Cancer 2005;117:629-37. https://doi.org/10.1002/IJC.21193
[12] Kaaks R, Lukanova A, Kurzer MS. Obesity, endogenous hormones, and endometrial cancer risk: a synthetic review PubMed. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11:1531-43.
[13] Dossus L, Lukanova A, Rinaldi S, Allen N, Cust AE, Becker S, Tjonneland A, Hansen L, Overvad K, Chabbert-Buffet N, Mesrine S, Clavel-Chapelon F, Teucher B, Chang-Claude J, Boeing H, Drogan D, Trichopoulou A, Benetou V, Bamia C. Hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory profiles and endometrial cancer risk within the EPIC cohort--a factor analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol 2013;177:787-99. https://doi.org/10.1093/AJE/KWS309
[14] De Cicco P, Catani MV, Gasperi V, Sibilano M, Quaglietta M, Savini I. Nutrition and Breast Cancer: A Literature Review on Prevention, Treatment and Recurrence. Nutrients 2019;11. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU11071514
[15] Althuis M, Fergenbaum J, Garcia-Closas M, Brinton L, Madigan P, Sherman ME. Etiology of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer: a systematic review of the literature PubMed. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004;13:1558-68.
[16] Irimie AI, Braicu C, Pasca S, Magdo L, Gulei D, Cojocneanu R, Ciocan C, Olariu A, Coza O, Berindan-Neagoe I. Role of key micronutrients from nutrigenetic and nutrigenomic perspectives in cancer prevention. Medicina (B. Aires) 2019;55:283. https://doi.org/10.3390/MEDICINA55060283
[17] Guasch-Ferré M, Dashti HS, Merino J. Nutritional Genomics and Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: An Overview. Adv Nutr 2018;9:128-35. https://doi.org/10.1093/ADVANCES/ NMY001
[18] Fenech M. Genome health nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics – diagnosis and nutritional treatment of genome damage on an individual basis. Food Chem Toxicol 2008;46:1365-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FCT.2007.06.035
[19] Marcum JA. Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Personalized Nutrition, and Precision Healthcare. Curr Nutr Rep 2020;9:33845. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13668-020-00327-Z
[20] Crider KS, Zhu JH, Hao L, Yang QH, Yang TP, Gindler J, Maneval DR, Quinlivan EP, Li Z, Bailey LB, Berry RJ. MTHFR 677C->T genotype is associated with folate and homocysteine concentrations in a large, population-based, double-blind trial of folic acid supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:1365-72. https://doi.org/10.3945/AJCN.110.004671
[21] Elsamanoudy AZ, Neamat-Allah MAM, Mohammad FAH, Hassanien M, Nada HA. The role of nutrition related genes and nutrigenetics in understanding the pathogenesis of cancer. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2016;4:115. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMAU.2016.02.002
[22] Mutch DM, Wahli W, Williamson G. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics: the emerging faces of nutrition. FASEB J 2005;19:1602-16. https://doi.org/10.1096/FJ.05-3911REV
[23] Wallace TC, Bultman S, D’Adamo C, Daniel CR, Debelius J, Ho E, Eliassen H, Lemanne D, Mukherjee P, Seyfried TN, Tian Q, Vahdat LT. Personalized Nutrition in Disrupting Cancer Proceedings From the 2017 American College of Nutrition Annual Meeting. J Am Coll Nutr 2019;38:1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2018.1500499
[24] Choi SW, Friso S. Epigenetics: A New Bridge between Nutrition and Health. Adv Nutr 2010;1:8-16. https://doi.org/10.3945/ AN.110.1004
[25] Ross SA. Diet and DNA methylation interactions in cancer prevention. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003;983:197-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1749-6632.2003.TB05974.X
[26] Calado A, Neves PM, Santos T, Ravasco P. The Effect of Flaxseed in Breast Cancer: A Literature Review. Front Nutr 2018;5:1. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNUT.2018.00004
[27] McTiernan A, Author C. Diet and Prognosis in Women with Breast CancerDiet and Prognosis in Women with Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30:252-4. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-1506
[28] El-Sherif A, El-Sherif S, Taylor AH, Ayakannu T. Ovarian Cancer: Lifestyle, Diet and Nutrition. Nutr Cancer 2021;73:116. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2020.1792948
[29] Lukanova A, Kaaks R. Endogenous hormones and ovarian cancer: epidemiology and current hypotheses PubMed. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:98-107.
[30] Mulholland HG, Murray LJ, Cardwell CR, Cantwell MM. Dietary glycaemic index, glycaemic load and endometrial and ovarian cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2008;99:434. https://doi.org/10.1038/SJ.BJC.6604496
[31] Dunneram Y, Greenwood DC, Cade JE. Diet, menopause and the risk of ovarian, endometrial and breast cancer. Proc Nutr Soc 2019;78:438-48. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665118002884
[32] González-Vallinas M, González-Castejón M, RodríguezCasado A, Ramírez de Molina A. Dietary phytochemicals in cancer prevention and therapy: a complementary approach with promising perspectives. Nutr Rev 2013;71:585-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/NURE.12051
[33] Calaf GM, Echiburú-Chau C, Wen G, Balajee AS, Roy D. Effect of curcumin on irradiated and estrogen-transformed human breast cell lines. Int J Oncol 2012;40:436-42. https://doi.org/10.3892/IJO.2011.1228
[34] Ross S. Nutritional genomic approaches to cancer prevention research PubMed Exp Oncol 2007;29:250-6.
[35] Holley AK, Bakthavatchalu V, Velez-Roman JM, St. Clair DK. Manganese Superoxide Dismutase: Guardian of the Powerhouse. Int J Mol Sci 2022;12:7114. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJMS12107114
[36] Shams-White MM, Brockton NT, Mitrou P, Romaguera D, Brown S, Bender A, Kahle LL, Reedy J. Operationalizing the 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) Cancer Prevention Recommendations: A Standardized Scoring System. Nutrients 2019;11. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU11071572
[37] Benetou V, Trichopoulou A, Orfanos P, Naska A, Lagiou P, Boffetta P, Trichopoulos D. Conformity to traditional Mediterranean diet and cancer incidence: the Greek EPIC cohort. Br J Cancer 2008;99:191-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/ sj.bjc.6604418
[38] Trichopoulou A. Mediterranean diet: the past and the present. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2001;11(4 Supp l):1-4.
[39] Marković AK, Torić J, Barbarić M, Brala CJ. Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and derivatives and their potential effects on human health. Molecules 2019;24. https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES24102001
[40] Sealy N, Hankinson SE, Houghton SC. Olive oil and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and dose-response metaanalysis of observational studies. Br J Nutr 2021;125:1148-56. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520003499
[41] Lloret J. Human health benefits supplied by Mediterranean marine biodiversity. Mar Pollut Bull 2010;60:1640-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2010.07.034
[42] BA S. N-3 fatty acids and lipid peroxidation in breast cancer inhibition. Br J Nutr 2002;87:193-8. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJNBJN2001512
[43] Fabian CJ, Kimler BF, Hursting SD. Omega-3 fatty acids for breast cancer prevention and survivorship. Breast Cancer Res 2015;17:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13058-015-0571-6/ TABLES/3
[44] Castelló A, Boldo E, Pérez-Gómez B, Lope V, Altzibar JM, Martín V, Castaño-Vinyals G, Guevara M, Dierssen-Sotos T, Tardón A, Moreno V, Puig-Vives M, Llorens-Ivorra C, Alguacil J, Gómez-Acebo I, Castilla J, Gràcia-Lavedán E, DávilaBatista V, Kogevinas MAdherence to the Western, Prudent and Mediterranean dietary patterns and breast cancer risk: MCCSpain study. Maturitas 2017;103:8-15.
[45] Giacosa A, Barale R, Bavaresco L, Faliva MA, Gerbi V, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Opizzi A, Perna S, Pezzotti M, Rondanelli M. Mediterranean Way of Drinking and Longevity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016;56:635-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2012.747484
[46] Damianaki A, Bakogeorgou E, Kampa M, Notas G, Hatzoglou A, Panagiotou S, Gemetzi C, Kouroumalis E, Martin PM, Castanas E. Potent inhibitory action of red wine polyphenols on human breast cancer cells PubMed. J Cell Biochem 2000;78:429-41.
[47] Bandera EV, Kushi LH, Moore DF, Gifkins DM, McCullough ML. Fruits and vegetables and endometrial cancer risk: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Nutr. Cancer 2007;58:6-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635580701307929
[48] Buckland G, Travier N, Cottet V, González CA, Luján-Barroso L, Agudo A, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Peeters PH, May A, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Bvan Duijnhoven FJ, Key TJ, Allen N, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Romieu I, McCormack V. Adherence to the mediterranean diet and risk of breast cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort study. Int J cancer 2013;132:2918-27. https://doi.org/10.1002/IJC.27958
[49] Ricceri F, Giraudo MT, Fasanelli F, Milanese D, Sciannameo V, Fiorini L, Sacerdote C. Diet and endometrial cancer: a focus on the role of fruit and vegetable intake, Mediterranean diet and dietary inflammatory index in the endometrial cancer risk. BMC Cancer 2017;17:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12885-0173754-Y