Keywords
dietary energy intake;
malnutrition by excess;
nutritional adequacy of the diet;
chronic diseases
cardiovascular risk
malnutrition by excess;
nutritional adequacy of the diet;
chronic diseases
cardiovascular risk
Abstract
Introduction: Behavioural and metabolic risk factors are responsible for the greatest burden of disease; an unhealthy diet, along with abdominal obesity, are risk factors related to Non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods: Data concerning food patterns were determined by the application of an interview-type instrument, used to assess the daily and weekly frequency of consumption; cardiovascular risk was assessed using waist circumference, and nutritional status via Body Mass Index. Student's t test was applied to evaluate the differences between variables and the Pearson's chi-square test for the association of variables. Results: Dietary energy intake (kcal/capita/day) was 3000 kcal, with an average distribution of 12.2% (proteins), 46.9% (carbohydrates), and 40.9% (total fats). The 78% of the sample suffered from malnutrition by excess. About 37.5% had Non-Communicable Diseases, with high blood pressure being the most frequent disease among both genders, with the highest prevalence among women, along with diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia. Depending on the nutritional status, the presence of obesity is associated with high cardiovascular risk (p=0.000), greater energy availability (p=0.012), and an increased occurrence of non-communicable diseases (p=0.004). Conclusions: Malnutrition by excess figures support the global alert for obesity and overweight, which are considered to be a pandemic; in addition, Chiloé is not immune to the increasing trend of processed and ultra-processed food consumption.
References
References
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12. FAO/WHO/ONU. Human energy requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Rome, Italy: Nutrient Division; 2004. Available at: https://www.fao.org/3/y5686e/y5686e.pdf
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23. Shan Z, Rehm CD, Rogers G, Ruan M, Wang DD, Hu FB. Trends in Dietary Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Intake and Diet Quality Among US Adults, 1999-2016. JAMA. 2019; 322(12): 1178-1187. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.13771
24. Duran Agüero SD, Fernández Godoy E, Fuentes J, Hidalgo Fernández A, Quintana Muñoz C, Yunge Hidalgo W, et al. Food patterns associated with a healthy body weight in Chilean students of Nutrition and Dietetics. Nutr Hosp. 2015; 32(4): 1780-1785. http://www.nutricionhospitalaria.com/pdf/9515.pdf
25. Morales Suárez-Varela M, Ruso Julve C, Micó García A, Llopis González A. Dietary pattern assessment in Spanish adolescents in Mediterranean and Atlantic: a pilot study. Rev Esp Nutr Comunitaria. 2014; 20(3): 85-90. doi: 10.14642/RENC.2014.20.3.5018
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30. El Ansari W, Samara A. Adherence to Recommended Dietary Guidelines and the Relationships with the Importance of Eating Healthy in Egyptian University Students. Int J Prev Med. 2018; 9: 73. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_619_14
31. Crovetto M, Uauy R, Martins AP, Moubarac JC. Household availability of ready-to-consume food and drink products in Chile: impact on nutritional quality of the diet (2006-2007). Rev Med Chil. 2014; 142(7): 850-858. doi: 10.4067/S0034-98872014000700005
32. Machado PP, Steele EM, Levy RB, da Costa Louzada ML, Rangan A, Woods. Ultra-processed food consumption and obesity in the Australian adult population. Nutr Diabetes. 2020; 10(1): 39. doi: 10.1038/s41387-020-00141-0
33. Kord-Varkaneh H, Nazary-Vannani A, Mokhtari Z, Salehi-Sahlabadi A, Rahmani J, Clark CCT, et al. The Influence of Fasting and Energy Restricting Diets on Blood Pressure in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2020; 27(4): 271-280. doi: 10.1007/s40292-020-00391-0
34. Fantin F, Giani A, Zoico E, Rossi AP, Mazzali G, Zamboni M. Weight Loss and Hypertension in Obese Subjects. Nutrients. 2019; 11(7): 1667. doi: 10.3390/nu11071667
35. Di Daniele N, Marrone G, Di Lauro M, Di Daniele F, Palazzetti D, Guerriero C, et al. Effects of Caloric Restriction Diet on Arterial Hypertension and Endothelial Dysfunction. Nutrients. 2021; 13(1): 274. doi: 10.3390/nu13010274
1. Aguilera X, González C, Matute I, Nájera M, Olea A. Serie de salud poblacional: Las enfermedades no transmisibles en Chile. Aspectos epidemiológicos y de salud pública. Santiago, Chile: Universidad del Desarrollo; 2016. Available at: https://repositorio.udd.cl/handle/11447/1460
2. Corral-Martin A, Pría-Barros M. Mortality due to noncommunicable diseases according to living conditions. Rev Cuba Med Gen Integr. 2018; 34(4). http://www.revmgi.sld.cu/index.php/mgi/article/view/650/218
3. Soto E, Lorenzo A, Esteves E. Smoking cessation in cardiovascular health. Rev Urug Cardiol. 2018; 33(3):150-170. doi: 10.29277/cardio.33.3.11
4. United Nations. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018. New York: United Nations; 2018. Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/the-sustainable-development-goals-report-2018.html
5. Ministerio de Salud. Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017. Primeros resultados. [Ministry of Health. National Health Survey 2016-2017. First Results]. Santiago, Chile: Departamento de Epidemiología. División de Planificación Sanitaria. Subsecretaría de Salud Pública; 2017. Available at: https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ENS-2016-17_PRIMEROS-RESULTADOS.pdf
6. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Health at a Glance 2019: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD; 2019. Available at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/health-at-a-glance-2019_4dd50c09-en
7. Amigo H, Bustos P, Pizarro M, Pino P, Gutiérrez L, Aranda W. Encuesta Nacional de Consumo Alimentario ENCA CHILE 2010-2011 [National Food Consumption Survey 2010-2011]. Informe Final. Santiago, Chile: Universidad de Chile; 2011. Available at: https://www.minsal.cl/sites/default/files/ENCA-INFORME_FINAL.pdf
8. Crovetto M, Uauy R. Availability of fruits and vegetables in homes in Chile from 1987 to 2012. How far to achieve a healthy diet? Nutr Clin Diet Hosp. 2018; 38(2): 49-56. doi: 10.12873/382crovetto
9. World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser; 2000. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42330
10. World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2011. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241501491
11. Institute of Medicine. DRI, dietary reference intakes: the essential guide to nutrient requirements. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press; 2006.
12. FAO/WHO/ONU. Human energy requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Rome, Italy: Nutrient Division; 2004. Available at: https://www.fao.org/3/y5686e/y5686e.pdf
13. Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Trends in Obesity Among Adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. JAMA. 2016; 315(21): 2284-2291. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.6458
14. Marques A, Peralta M, Naia A, Loureiro N, de Matos MG. Prevalence of adult overweight and obesity in 20 European countries, 2014. Eur J Public Health. 2018; 28(2): 295-300. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx143
15. Ministerio de Salud. Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010 [Ministry of Health. National Health Survey 2009-2010]. Available at: http://www.repositoriodigital.minsal.cl/bitstream/handle/2015/601/3899.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yMinisterio de Salud. Encuesta Nacional de Salud. Santiago, Chile; 2009 2010
16. The GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators. Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377(1): 13-27. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
17. Aguilera C, Labbé T, Busquets J, Venegas P, Neira C, Valenzuela Á. Obesity: risk factor or primary disease? Rev Med Chil. 2019; 147(4): 470-474. doi: 10.4067/S0034-98872019000400470
18. Catenacci VA, Hill JO, Wyatt HR. The obesity epidemic. Clin Chest Med. 2009; 30(3): 415-444, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2009.05.001
19. García AFD, Rodríguez YCV, Marcel EA. Obesidad visceral: predictor de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Rev Mex Patol Clin Med Lab. 2016;63(2):67-75.
20. FAOSTAT. Suministro alimentario de energía en Chile. 2018. Available at: https://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#home
21. FAOSTAT. Suministro alimentario de energía en el mundo (+total). 2018. Available at: https://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#home
22. Sawicki C, Lichtenstein A, Rogers G, Jacques P, Ma J, Saltzman E. Comparison of Indices of Carbohydrate Quality and Food Sources of Dietary Fiber on Longitudinal Changes in Waist Circumference in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Nutrients. 2021; 13(3): 997. doi: 10.3390/nu13030997
23. Shan Z, Rehm CD, Rogers G, Ruan M, Wang DD, Hu FB. Trends in Dietary Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Intake and Diet Quality Among US Adults, 1999-2016. JAMA. 2019; 322(12): 1178-1187. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.13771
24. Duran Agüero SD, Fernández Godoy E, Fuentes J, Hidalgo Fernández A, Quintana Muñoz C, Yunge Hidalgo W, et al. Food patterns associated with a healthy body weight in Chilean students of Nutrition and Dietetics. Nutr Hosp. 2015; 32(4): 1780-1785. http://www.nutricionhospitalaria.com/pdf/9515.pdf
25. Morales Suárez-Varela M, Ruso Julve C, Micó García A, Llopis González A. Dietary pattern assessment in Spanish adolescents in Mediterranean and Atlantic: a pilot study. Rev Esp Nutr Comunitaria. 2014; 20(3): 85-90. doi: 10.14642/RENC.2014.20.3.5018
26. Cervera Burriel F, Serrano Urrea R, Vico García C, Milla Tobarra M, García Meseguer MJ. Food habits and nutritional assessment in a university population. Nutr Hosp. 2013; 28(2): 438-446. doi: 10.3305/nh.2013.28.2.6303
27. Garriguet D. Canadians’ eating habits. Health Reports. 2009; 18(2): 17-32. Available at: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2006004/article/9609-eng.htm
28. Moubarac JC, Batal M, Louzada ML, Martinez Steele E, Monteiro C. Consumption of ultra-processed foods predicts diet quality in Canada. Appetite. 2017; 108: 512-520. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.006
29. Martinez Steele E, Popkin B, Swinburn B, Monteiro C. The share of ultra-processed foods and the overall nutritional quality of diets in the US: Evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. Popul Health Metrics. Feb 2017; 15(1). doi: 10.1186/s12963-017-0119-3
30. El Ansari W, Samara A. Adherence to Recommended Dietary Guidelines and the Relationships with the Importance of Eating Healthy in Egyptian University Students. Int J Prev Med. 2018; 9: 73. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_619_14
31. Crovetto M, Uauy R, Martins AP, Moubarac JC. Household availability of ready-to-consume food and drink products in Chile: impact on nutritional quality of the diet (2006-2007). Rev Med Chil. 2014; 142(7): 850-858. doi: 10.4067/S0034-98872014000700005
32. Machado PP, Steele EM, Levy RB, da Costa Louzada ML, Rangan A, Woods. Ultra-processed food consumption and obesity in the Australian adult population. Nutr Diabetes. 2020; 10(1): 39. doi: 10.1038/s41387-020-00141-0
33. Kord-Varkaneh H, Nazary-Vannani A, Mokhtari Z, Salehi-Sahlabadi A, Rahmani J, Clark CCT, et al. The Influence of Fasting and Energy Restricting Diets on Blood Pressure in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2020; 27(4): 271-280. doi: 10.1007/s40292-020-00391-0
34. Fantin F, Giani A, Zoico E, Rossi AP, Mazzali G, Zamboni M. Weight Loss and Hypertension in Obese Subjects. Nutrients. 2019; 11(7): 1667. doi: 10.3390/nu11071667
35. Di Daniele N, Marrone G, Di Lauro M, Di Daniele F, Palazzetti D, Guerriero C, et al. Effects of Caloric Restriction Diet on Arterial Hypertension and Endothelial Dysfunction. Nutrients. 2021; 13(1): 274. doi: 10.3390/nu13010274