Keywords
Fatigue
Musculoskeletal symptom
Productivity
Sitting workstation
Standing workstation
Musculoskeletal symptom
Productivity
Sitting workstation
Standing workstation
Abstract
Introduction: Sitting and standing workstations can affect individual's health outcomes differently. This study aimed to assess the effects of sit and stand workstations on energy expenditure and some blood parameters, musculoskeletal symptom/pain and discomfort, fatigue, and productivity among workers of assembly line of a belt factory.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 47 male assembly line workers (24 workers in sitting workstation and 23 workers in standing workstation) with at least one year of working experience. Data were gathered via demographic/occupational characteristics, Fitbit system, medical records, Persian version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (P-NMQ), Persian version of the Numeric Rating Scale (P-NRS), Persian version of the Swedish Occupational Fatigue (P-SOFI), and Persian version of the Health and Work Questionnaire (P-HWQ).
Results: The findings of the present study revealed that the energy expenditure, blood glucose/triglyceride there are not statistically differences between in sitting and standing groups. In addition, the prevalence of the MSs in the neck, lower back, knees, and ankles/feet in standing group was significantly higher than the sitting group. Generally, occupational fatigue was higher among the standing group compared to sitting group. About productivity, the ‘concentration/focus’ and ‘impatience/irritability’ subscales in sitting group were higher than the standing group. Contrariwise, other subscales of the productivity, including ‘productivity’, ‘supervisor relations’, ‘non-work satisfaction’, ‘work satisfaction’ in the standing group were higher than the sitting group.
Conclusions: To reduce the adverse effects of sitting and standing workstations on individual's health outcomes, planning to use sit-stand workstations is recommended.
References
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24. Mahan LK, Raymond JL. Krause's food & the nutrition care process, mea edition e-book. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2016.
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26. Forkan TA. Differentiating between low level activities in sedentary occupations utilizing fitbits. Montana: Montana Tech; 2016.
27. Burns J, Forde C, Dockrell S. Energy expenditure of standing compared to sitting while conducting office tasks. Hum Factors. 2017;59(7):1078-87. doi: 10.1177/0018720817719167.
28. Thorp AA, Kingwell BA, English C, Hammond L, Sethi P, Owen N, Dunstan DW. Alternating sitting and standing increases the workplace energy expenditure of overweight adults. J Phys Activ Health. 2016;13(1):24-9. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2014-0420.
29. Fryar CD, Gu Q, Ogden CL. Anthropometric reference data for children and adults; United States, 2007-2010. Vital Health Stat. 2012;252:1-48.
30. Desmond PA, Neubauer MC, Matthews G, Hancock PA. The Handbook of operator fatigue. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing; 2012.
31. Mantzari E, Galloway C, Wijndaele K, Brage S, Griffin SJ, Marteau TM. Impact of sit-stand desks at work on energy expenditure, sitting time and cardio-metabolic risk factors: multiphase feasibility study with randomised controlled component. Prev Med Rep. 2019;13:64-72. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.11.012.
32. Daneshmandi H, Kee D, Kamalinia M, Oliaei M, Mohammadi H. An ergonomic intervention to relieve musculoskeletal symptoms of assembly line workers at an electronic parts manufacturer in Iran. Work. 2018;61(4):515-21. doi: 10.3233/WOR-182822.
33. Roelofs A, Straker L. The experience of musculoskeletal discomfort amongst bank tellers who just sit, just stand or sit and stand at work. . Ergon SA. 2002;14(2):11-29.
34. Hosseinzadeh K, Choobineh A, Ghaem H. Validity and reliability of the Farsi version of the individual strength questionnaire checklist in the Iranian working population. Armaghan-e- Danesh. 2013;18(4):295-304.
35. Pronk NP, Katz AS, Lowry M, Payfer JR. Peer reviewed: reducing occupational sitting time and improving worker health: the take-a-stand project, 2011. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9(10):154. doi: 10.5888/pcd9.110323.
36. Hedge A, Ray EJ, editors. Effects of an electronic height-adjustable worksurface on computer worker musculoskeletal discomfort and productivity. Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting; 2004: SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.
37. Nevala N, Choi D-S. Ergonomic comparison of a sit-stand workstation with a traditional workstation in visual display unit work. The Ergonomics Open Journal. 2013;6(1):22-7. doi: 10.2174/1875934301306010022.
38. Thorp AA, Kingwell BA, Owen N, Dunstan DW. Breaking up workplace sitting time with intermittent standing bouts improves fatigue and musculoskeletal discomfort in overweight/obese office workers. Occup Environ Med. 2014;71(11):765-71. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102348.
2. Noben CY, Evers SM, Nijhuis FJ, de Rijk AE. Quality appraisal of generic self-reported instruments measuring health-related productivity changes: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):115. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-115.
3. Choobineh A, Solaymani E, Mohammad Beigi A. Musculoskeletal symptoms among workers of metal structure manufacturing industry in Shiraz, 2005. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2009;5(3):35-43.
4. Patel AV, Bernstein L, Deka A, Feigelson HS, Campbell PT, Gapstur SM, Colditz GA, Thun MJ. Leisure time spent sitting in relation to total mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(4):419-29. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwq155.
5. Thorp AA, Owen N, Neuhaus M, Dunstan DW. Sedentary behaviors and subsequent health outcomes in adults: a systematic review of longitudinal studies, 1996–2011. Am J Prev Med. 2011;41(2):207-15. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.05.004.
6. Lynch BM. Sedentary behavior and cancer: a systematic review of the literature and proposed biological mechanisms. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 2010;19(11):2691-709. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-08.
7. Daneshmandi H, Choobineh A, Ghaem H, Karimi M. Adverse effects of prolonged sitting behavior on the general health of office workers. J Lifestyle Med. 2017;7(2):69-75. doi. 10.15280/jlm.2017.7.2.69.
8. Choobineh A, Daneshmandi H, Saraj Zadeh Fard SK, Tabatabaee SH. Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms among Iranian workforce and job groups. Int J Prev Med. 2016;7(1):130. doi. 10.4103/2008-7802.195851.
9. Choobineh A, Daneshmandi H, Aghabeigi M, Haghayegh A. Prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among employees of Iranian petrochemical industries: October 2009 to December 2012. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2013;4(4):195-204.
10. Stenlund T, Ahlgren C, Lindahl B, Burell G, Knutsson A, Stegmayr B, Slunga Birgander L. Patients with burnout in relation to gender and a general population. Scand J Public Health. 2007;35(5):516-23. doi: 10.1080/14034940701271874.
11. Daneshmandi H, Choobineh A, Ghaem H. Psychometric properties of the persian version of the “Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue Scale”. Int J Prev Med. 2019;10:1-7. doi. 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_172_17.
12. Júdice PB, Hamilton MT, Sardinha LB, Zderic TW, Silva AM. What is the metabolic and energy cost of sitting, standing and sit/stand transitions?. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(2):263-73. doi: 10.1007/s00421-015-3279-5.
13. Beers EA, Roemmich JN, Epstein LH, Horvath PJ. Increasing passive energy expenditure during clerical work. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;103(3):353-60. doi: 10.1007/s00421-008-0713-y.
14. World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. 2013.
15. Kuorinka I, Jonsson B, Kilbom A, Vinterberg H, Biering-Sørensen F, Andersson G, Jørgensen K. Standardised Nordic questionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms. Appl Ergon. 1987;18(3):233-7. doi: 10.1016/0003-6870(87)90010-X.
16. Choobineh A, Lahmi M, Shahnavaz H, Khani Jazani R, Hosseini M. Musculoskeletal symptoms as related to ergonomic factors in Iranian hand-woven carpet industry and general guidelines for workstation design. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2004;10(2):157-68. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2004.11076604.
17. Childs JD, Piva SR, Fritz JM. Responsiveness of the numeric pain rating scale in patients with low back pain. Spine. 2005;30(11):1331-4. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000164099.92112.29.
18. Daneshmandi H, Choobineh A, Ghaem H, Alhamd M, Fakherpour A. The effect of musculoskeletal problems on fatigue and productivity of office personnel: a cross-sectional study. J Prev Med Hyg. 2017;58(3):252-8.
19. Shikiar R, Halpern MT, Rentz AM, Khan ZM. Development of the Health and Work Questionnaire (HWQ): an instrument for assessing workplace productivity in relation to worker health. Work. 2004;22(3):219-29.
20. Daneshmandi H, Choobineh AR, Ghaem H, Hejazi N. Proper sit-stand work schedule to reduce the negative outcomes of sedentary behavior: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2019;Accepted:1-17. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2019.1679972.
21. Choobineh A, Javadpour F, Azmoon H, Keshavarzi S, Daneshmandi H. The prevalence of fatigue, sleepiness, and sleep disorders among petrochemical employees in Iran. Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior. 2018;6(3):153-62. doi: 10.1080/21641846.2018.1461252.
22. Javadpour F, Keshavarzi S, Choobineh A, Aghabaigi M. Validity and reliability of the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI-20) among Iranian working population. Iranian Journal of Ergonomics. 2015;3(1):50-8.
23. Diaz KM, Krupka DJ, Chang MJ, Peacock J, Ma Y, Goldsmith J, Schwartz JE, Davidson KW. Fitbit®: An accurate and reliable device for wireless physical activity tracking. Int J Cardiol. 2015;185:138-40. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.038.
24. Mahan LK, Raymond JL. Krause's food & the nutrition care process, mea edition e-book. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2016.
25. Bridger R. Introduction to ergonomics. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2008.
26. Forkan TA. Differentiating between low level activities in sedentary occupations utilizing fitbits. Montana: Montana Tech; 2016.
27. Burns J, Forde C, Dockrell S. Energy expenditure of standing compared to sitting while conducting office tasks. Hum Factors. 2017;59(7):1078-87. doi: 10.1177/0018720817719167.
28. Thorp AA, Kingwell BA, English C, Hammond L, Sethi P, Owen N, Dunstan DW. Alternating sitting and standing increases the workplace energy expenditure of overweight adults. J Phys Activ Health. 2016;13(1):24-9. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2014-0420.
29. Fryar CD, Gu Q, Ogden CL. Anthropometric reference data for children and adults; United States, 2007-2010. Vital Health Stat. 2012;252:1-48.
30. Desmond PA, Neubauer MC, Matthews G, Hancock PA. The Handbook of operator fatigue. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing; 2012.
31. Mantzari E, Galloway C, Wijndaele K, Brage S, Griffin SJ, Marteau TM. Impact of sit-stand desks at work on energy expenditure, sitting time and cardio-metabolic risk factors: multiphase feasibility study with randomised controlled component. Prev Med Rep. 2019;13:64-72. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.11.012.
32. Daneshmandi H, Kee D, Kamalinia M, Oliaei M, Mohammadi H. An ergonomic intervention to relieve musculoskeletal symptoms of assembly line workers at an electronic parts manufacturer in Iran. Work. 2018;61(4):515-21. doi: 10.3233/WOR-182822.
33. Roelofs A, Straker L. The experience of musculoskeletal discomfort amongst bank tellers who just sit, just stand or sit and stand at work. . Ergon SA. 2002;14(2):11-29.
34. Hosseinzadeh K, Choobineh A, Ghaem H. Validity and reliability of the Farsi version of the individual strength questionnaire checklist in the Iranian working population. Armaghan-e- Danesh. 2013;18(4):295-304.
35. Pronk NP, Katz AS, Lowry M, Payfer JR. Peer reviewed: reducing occupational sitting time and improving worker health: the take-a-stand project, 2011. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9(10):154. doi: 10.5888/pcd9.110323.
36. Hedge A, Ray EJ, editors. Effects of an electronic height-adjustable worksurface on computer worker musculoskeletal discomfort and productivity. Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting; 2004: SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.
37. Nevala N, Choi D-S. Ergonomic comparison of a sit-stand workstation with a traditional workstation in visual display unit work. The Ergonomics Open Journal. 2013;6(1):22-7. doi: 10.2174/1875934301306010022.
38. Thorp AA, Kingwell BA, Owen N, Dunstan DW. Breaking up workplace sitting time with intermittent standing bouts improves fatigue and musculoskeletal discomfort in overweight/obese office workers. Occup Environ Med. 2014;71(11):765-71. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102348.