Keywords
third-hand smoke
passive smoking
smoking prevention
pregnant women
Abstract
Introduction: Exposure to third-hand smoke (THS) is hazardous for human health, especially for pregnant women. This study aimed at psychometric evaluation of the Iranian version of “Beliefs about Third-Hand Smoke Scale”(BATHS-T) in pregnant women.
Aims & Methods: The data collected from 364 pregnant women referring to Yazd health centers. The BATHS scale was translated into Persian, and the stages of adaptation of the BATHS scale in Persian were evaluated with CVR=0.87 and CVI=0.88. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to analyze the construct validity of the scale. Besides, the correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation of categories and subcategories of the scale.
Results: The BATHS structural equation model showed a favorable fit as RMSEA value was less than 0.05 and X2/df varied between 2 to 5. Moreover, other indices such as CFI and NFI were more than 90%, indicating the optimal fit of the present model. The correlation between the overall scale of BATHS and its two subcategories was 0.843 (P<0.001) and the correlation between health and stability subcategories was 0.886 (P<0.001). Since there was a positive and highly significant correlation, the fitted BATHS scale was considered to be structurally consistent with its subcategories. The reliability of the whole scale was 0.86 using Cronbach's α coefficient.
Conclusion: The Iranian version of the BATHS scale is reliable and valid. This scale provides the required prerequisites for further research and education on third hand smoke exposure. It can also be possibly used in similar studies.
References
Aurrekoetxea JJ, Murcia M, Rebagliato M, López MJ, Castilla AM, Santa-Marina L, et al. Determinants of self-reported smoking and misclassification during pregnancy, and analysis of optimal cut-off points for urinary cotinine: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2013;3(1):e002034.
Karimiankakolaki Z. We Will Never be Safe from Cigarette Smoke: The Danger of Third Hand Smoke. Journal of Social Behavior and Community Health. 2023;7(2):1091-4.
WHO. Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI) Second-hand tobacco smoke. Secondary Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI) Second-hand tobacco smoke. Available at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/research/secondhand_smoke/en/ 2015.
WHO. Secondhand Smoke (SHS) Facts. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/general_facts/ 2013.
Winickoff JP, Friebely J, Tanski SE, Sherrod C, Matt GE, Hovell MF, et al. Beliefs about the health effects of “thirdhand” smoke and home smoking bans. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):e74-e9.
Jacob III P, Benowitz NL, Destaillats H, Gundel L, Hang B, Martins-Green M, et al. Thirdhand smoke: new evidence, challenges, and future directions. Chemical research in toxicology. 2017;30(1):270-94.
Northrup TF, Jacob III P, Benowitz NL, Hoh E, Quintana PJ, Hovell MF, et al. Thirdhand smoke: state of the science and a call for policy expansion. Public health reports. 2016;131(2):233-8.
Kuo H-W, Rees VW. Third-hand smoke (THS): What is it and what should we do about it. J Formos Med Assoc. 2019;118(11):1478-9.
Özpinar S, Demir Y, Yazicioğlu B, Bayçelebi S, Yazicioğlu B. Pregnant women's beliefs about third-hand smoke and exposure to tobacco smoke. Central European Journal of Public Health. 2022;30(3).
Matt GE, Quintana PJ, Destaillats H, Gundel LA, Sleiman M, SingerBC, et al. Thirdhand tobacco smoke: emerging evidence and arguments for a multidisciplinary research agenda. Environmental health perspectives. 2011;119(9):1218-26.
Sleiman M, Gundel LA, Pankow JF, Jacob III P, Singer BC, Destaillats H. Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010;107(15):6576-81.
Matt G, Quintana P, Hovell M, Bernert J, Song S, Novianti N, et al. Households contaminated by environmental tobacco smoke: sources of infant exposures. Tobacco control. 2004;13(1):29-37.
Yolton K, Dietrich K, Auinger P, Lanphear BP, Hornung R. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and cognitive abilities among US children and adolescents. Environmental health perspectives. 2005;113(1):98-103.
Zhang L, Hsia J, Tu X, Xia Y, Zhang L, Bi Z, et al. Peer Reviewed: Exposure to Secondhand Tobacco Smoke and Interventions Among Pregnant Women in China: A Systematic Review. Preventing chronic disease. 2015;12(35):1-11.
WHO. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke. Available at: http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/shsarticle2010/en/. 2011.
Öberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, Peruga A, Prüss-Ustün A. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. The Lancet. 2011;377(9760):139-46.
MazloomyMahmoodabad SS, Karimiankakolaki Z, Kazemi A, Mohammadi NK, Fallahzadeh H. Exposure to secondhand smoke in Iranian pregnant women at home and the related factors. Tobacco Prevention and Cessation. 2019;5(7):1-9.
WHO. World Health Organization. Gender, Health, Tobacco and Equity. Available at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/gender/gender_tobacco_2010.pdf 2011.
Alberg AJ, Shopland DR, Cummings KM. The 2014 Surgeon General's report: commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the 1964 Report of the Advisory Committee to the US Surgeon General and updating the evidence on the health consequences of cigarette smoking. American journal of epidemiology. 2014;179(4):403-12.
Thomas JL, Guo H, Carmella SG, Balbo S, Han S, Davis A, et al. Metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in children exposed to secondhand or thirdhand tobacco smoke in their homes. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention. 2011;20(6):1213-21.
Becquemin M, Bertholon J, Bentayeb M, Attoui M, Ledur D, Roy F, et al. Third-hand smoking: indoor measurements of concentration and sizes of cigarette smoke particles after resuspension. Tobacco control. 2010;19(4):347-8.
Matt GE, Quintana PJ, Fortmann AL, Zakarian JM, Galaviz VE, Chatfield DA, et al. Thirdhand smoke and exposure in California hotels: non-smoking rooms fail to protect non-smoking hotel guests from tobacco smoke exposure. Tobacco control. 2014;23(3):264-72.
Baheiraei A, Faghihi RS, Mirmohammad AM, Kazem NA. Predictors of home smoking ban in households in pregnant women. Payesh. 2012;11(4):511-17.
Wakefield M, Reid Y, Roberts L, Mullins R, Gillies P. Smoking and smoking cessation among men whose partners are pregnant: a qualitative study. Social science & medicine. 1998;47(5):657-64.
Kazemi A, Ehsanpour S, Nekoei-Zahraei NS. A randomized trial to promote health belief and to reduce environmental tobacco smoke exposure in pregnant women. Health education research. 2012;27(1):151-9.
Karimiankakolaki Z, Mazloomy Mahmoodabad SS, Kazemi A. Designing, implementing and evaluating an educational program regarding the effects of second-hand smoke in pregnancy on the knowledge, attitude and performance of male smokers. Reproductive Health. 2023;20(1):1-8.
Drehmer JE, Ossip DJ, Nabi-Burza E, Rigotti NA, Hipple B, Woo H, et al. Thirdhand smoke beliefs of parents. Pediatrics. 2014;133(4):e850-e6.
Haardörfer R, Berg CJ, Escoffery C, Bundy ŁT, Hovell M, Kegler MC. Development of a scale assessing Beliefs About ThirdHand Smoke (BATHS). Tobacco induced diseases. 2017;15:1-8.
Kegler MC, Bundy L, Haardörfer R, Escoffery C, Berg C, Yembra D, et al. A minimal intervention to promote smoke-free homes among 2-1-1 callers: a randomized controlled trial. American journal of public health. 2015;105(3):530-7.
Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling: Guilford publications; 2023.
Çadirci D, Terzi NK, Terzi R, Cihan FG. Validity and reliability of Turkish version of Beliefs About Third-Hand Smoke Scale: BATHS-T. Central European Journal of Public Health. 2021;29(1):56-61.
Goodman PG, Haw S, Kabir Z, Clancy L. Are there health benefits associated with comprehensive smoke-free laws. International journal of public health. 2009;54:367-78.
Hahn EJ. Smokefree legislation: a review of health and economic outcomes research. American journal of preventive medicine. 2010;39(6):S66-S76.
King BA, Patel R, Babb SD. Prevalence of smokefree home rules—United States, 1992–1993 and 2010–2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2014;63(35):765.
Xie Z, Chen M, Fu Z, He Y, Tian Y, Zhang X, et al. Thirdhand smoke beliefs and behaviors among families of primary school children in Shanghai. Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2021;19.
Köksoy S, Belkıs C. Evaluation of the Opinions of the Parents with Disabled and Healthy Children about Third Hand Smoke. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2023;24(4):487-94.
Ferrante G, Simoni M, Cibella F, Ferrara F, Liotta G, Malizia V, et al. Third-hand smoke exposure and health hazards in children. Monaldi archives for chest disease. 2013;79(1).
Shehab K, Ziyab AH. Beliefs of parents in Kuwait about thirdhand smoke and its relation to home smoking rules: A cross-sectional study. Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2021;19.