Keywords
Abstract
Background: Iron and vitamin D3 deficiency is one of the major global health problems in teenagers and adolescent population. It can have a negative impact during phases of rapid growth, increasing susceptibility to infection, autoimmune and other chronic disease. This study was aimed to determine the utilization of Iron and Vitamin D Supplementations Program (IVDSP) in high schools’ girls in Qom city.
Methods: In a cross sectional study, the pattern of iron and D3 consumption based on IVDSP on 400 high schools’ girl in Qom, Iran assesses. Data collection was used by a reliable and standard researcher based questionnaire and daily, weekly, monthly and seasonally consumption of complementary in schools including iron and vitamin D3 consumption based on CTP as well as home consumption of other complementary minerals including folic acid, Calcium, Zinc, Vitamin C, Multi Vitamin, Vitamin B, and Other complementary drugs were gathered. Data analysis conducted using SPSS version 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) by chi square and independent t-test.
Result: The mean age of subjects was 15.14±1.52 years and ranged from 12 to 18 years old. The total weekly prevalence of D3 and iron consumption in high schools’ girls was calculated 36.73% and the weekly prevalence of Iron and monthly prevalence of Vitamin D3 consumption was 33.75% and 40.5%, respectively. The most common causes of non-consumption were bad taste 49.31%, Iranian made drug 20.27%, drug sensitivity 19.82% and drug interaction 10.60%, respectively. Our results showed that contribution of students in explanatory sessions (P=0.003), contribution of students in school sessions (P=0.001) were predictor variables for better complementary consumption in high schools
Conclusion: The inadequate and incomplete rate of IVDSP in Qom was high and more than 60% of distributed supplementations have been wasted. Our results showed that students who were participated in educational orientation classes were more successful and eager in iron and vitamin D3 consumption. Therefore, it is recommended to increase interventions at individual, interpersonal, intra-organizational and inter-organizational levels in order to fully support the program and ultimately increase the efficiency of the program.
References
del Balzo V, Vitiello V, Germani A, Donini LM, Poggiogalle E, Pinto A. A cross-sectional survey on dietary supplements consumption among Italian teen-agers. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e100508.
Gallagher CM, Black LJ, Oddy WH. Micronutrient intakes from food and supplements in Australian adolescents. Nutrients. 2014;6(1):342-54.
Alkhaldy HY, Hadi RA, Alghamdi KA, Alqahtani SM, Al Jabbar ISH, Al Ghamdi IS, et al. The pattern of iron deficiency with and without anemia among medical college girl students in high altitude southern Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2020;9(9).
Al-Daghri NM, Al-Saleh Y, Aljohani N, Sulimani R, Al-Othman AM, Alfawaz H, et al. Vitamin D status correction in Saudi Arabia: an experts' consensus under the auspices of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis, and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO). Arch Osteoporos. 2017;12(1):1.
Holick MF, Chen TC. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(4):1080s-6s.
Hagenau T, Vest R, Gissel TN, Poulsen CS, Erlandsen M, Mosekilde L, et al. Global vitamin D levels in relation to age, gender, skin pigmentation and latitude: an ecologic meta-regression analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(1):133-40.
Stevens GA, Paciorek CJ, Flores-Urrutia MC, Borghi E, Namaste S, Wirth JP, et al. National, regional, and global estimates of anaemia by severity in women and children for 2000–19: a pooled analysis of population-representative data. The Lancet Global Health. 2022;10(5):e627-e39.
McLean E, Cogswell M, Egli I, Wojdyla D, de Benoist B. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993-2005. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(4):444-54.
Abidoye RO, Akande PA. Nutritional status of public primary school children: a comparison between an upland and riverine area of Ojo LGA, Lagos State Nigeria. Nutr Health. 2000;14(4):225-40.
Akbari M, Moosazadeh M, Tabrizi R, Khatibi SR, Khodadost M, Heydari ST, et al. Estimation of iron deficiency anemia in Iranian children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hematology. 2017;22(4):231-9.
Mansourian M, Shafieyan Z, Qorbani M, Rahimzadeh Bazraki H, Charkazi R, Asayesh H, et al. Effect of nutritional education based on HBM model on anemia in Golestan girl guidance school students. Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2014;1(2):51-[Persian].
Karimi B, Zaker RH, Ghorbani R. Intake of iron supplement and its related factors in jounior and high school girl students of the Iraninan population. Koomesh. 2014;15(3):316-24[Persian].
Khammarnia M, Amani Z, Hajmohammadi M, Ansari-Moghadam A, Eslahi M. A survey of iron supplementation consumption and its related factors in high school students in Southeast Iran, 2015. The Malaysian journal of medical sciences: MJMS. 2016;23(5):57[Persion].
Mengistu G, Azage M, Gutema H. Iron deficiency anemia among in-school adolescent girls in rural area of Bahir Dar City Administration, North West Ethiopia. Anemia. 2019;2019.
Naghibi SA, Ahmadi M, Afkhaminia F. Assessment of the Knowledge, Attitude, and Performance of Female Junior High School Students of Neka, Iran, about Iron Deficiency Anemia in 2016. Journal of health research in community. 2018;4(1):79-88.
Tabrizi R, Moosazadeh M, Akbari M, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Mohamadkhani M, Asemi Z, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Iranian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian journal of medical sciences. 2018;43(2):125.
Alipoor R, Gholami MS, Heidari-Soureshjani R, Rajabi R, Anari MJ, Vaziri MS, et al. The Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among High School Students in Iran: A Systematic. 2016.
Ghazizadeh H, Rezayi M, Emadzadeh M, Tayefi M, Abdollahi Z, Timar A, et al. Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Medicine. 2022;10(2).
Faghih S, Abdolahzadeh M, Mohammadi M, Hasanzadeh J. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its related factors among University students in Shiraz, Iran. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2014;5(6):796-9.
Ahadi Z, Asl LN, Ghardashi Z, Khosravi HM. Comparison of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Women toward Iron Deficiency Anemia and Consumption of Iron Supplements in Yazd and Orumiyeh. Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences. 2012;4(2):57-[Persion].
Mohammadbeigi A, Mohammadsalehi N, Moshiri E, Asgarian A, Afrashteh S, Khazaei S, et al. Pattern of dietary supplement consumption among Iranian high school girls and related factors. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health. 2020;49(1):41-7.
Movahedi AF, Ahadi F. Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia in High School Girls in Semnan City. Journal of Shaeed Sdoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd. 2005;12(4):51-[Persion].
Dubik SD, Amegah KE, Alhassan A, Mornah LN, Fiagbe L. Compliance with weekly iron and folic acid supplementation and its associated factors among adolescent girls in Tamale Metropolis of Ghana. Journal of nutrition and metabolism. 2019;2019.
Alami A, Zarei F, Tehrani H, Hosseini Z, Jafari A. Perceived challenges of the Schools Iron Aid National Plan from stakeholder perspectives. Tehran University Medical Journal. 2019;77(4):257-66.
Vearing RM, Hart KH, Darling AL, Probst Y, Olayinka AS, Mendis J, et al. Global Perspective of the Vitamin D Status of African-Caribbean Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2022;76(4):516-26.
Aghapour B, Kheirouri S, Alizadeh M, Khodayari-Zarnaq R. Vitamin D deficiency prevention policies in Iran: a retrospective policy analysis. Frontiers in nutrition. 2023;10:1249402.
Zohrabi T, Zohrabi M, Paknahad Z, Zandi GK, Negintaji A. The effect of Iron Folic Acid Supplementation and Dietary Iron Intake in High Schools Female Students. Armaghane-danesh. 2015;19(10):817-.
Hosseini M, Shojaeizadeh D, Chaleshgar M, Pishva H. A study of educational intervention on knowledge, attitude, practice about iron deficiency anemia in female adolescent students. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2006;8(3):37-43[Persian].
Alami A, Ghelichi Ghojogh M, Hosseini Z, Jafari A. Effectiveness of Iron and vitamin D supplementary intervention program in high school girl students. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2023;11:20-30.
Alami A, Tavakoly Sany SB, Tehrani H, Lael- Monfared E, Hosseini Z, Jafari A. The effect of educational intervention on iron and vitamin D consumption based on the theory of planned behaviour in Iranian adolescent girls: a quasi-experimental study. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education. 2019;57(6):316-31.