Keywords
parenting style, mothers, children, behavior problems
Abstract
Abstract:
Introduction: Parenting styles are considered as one of the main determinants of individual and social behaviors and the use of dysfunctional styles can create child behavioral problems. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between mother-child relationship patterns in mother-headed households and children's behavioral problems.
Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study that was performed on 345 mother-headed households under the coverage of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Shiraz, Iran. Mothers were selected by convenience sampling method and data were collected using several questionnaires including the mother-child relationship evaluation, the child behavior checklist, and social support appraisals scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21.
Results: The overprotective parenting style, as one of the inefficient models has been used more than others by mother-headed households as well as the mothers with higher education levels used less from the child-rearing style " excessive ease ", and benefited more from the support of friends and others. In addition, children of divorced and low-income mothers are more prone to externalizing behavioral problems. The final result was also determined two parenting styles “excessive ease and overprotection” are effective on children's total behavioral problems.
Conclusion: The findings highlight the need to plan and expand socio-economic and educational support services to improve living conditions and parenting skills in mother-headed households. Further research is also suggested to identify the determinants and types of interventions affecting mother-child relationships, children's behavioral problems, and finally quality of life among this low-income and vulnerable group.
References
References
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2. Gregory, A.M. and A. Sadeh, Sleep, emotional and behavioral difficulties in children and adolescents. Sleep medicine reviews, 2012. 16(2): p. 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.007
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5. te Brinke, L.W., et al., The structure of emotion regulation strategies in adolescence: Differential links to internalizing and externalizing problems. Social Development, 2021. 30(2): p. 536-553. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12496
6. Plueck, J., et al., Effectiveness of a teacher-based indicated prevention program for preschool children with externalizing problem behavior. Prevention Science, 2015. 16(2): p. 233-241. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11121-014-0487-x
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8. Zolfaghari, A.R., D. Fathi, and O. Massah, Behavior disorders prevalence in high school students in Hamedan Province. Archives of Rehabilitation, 2014. 15(1): p. 45-52.(In Persian)
9. Cooper, P. and C. Cefai, Evidence-based approaches to social, emotional and behavior difficulties in schools. KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, 2013.
10. De Falco, S., et al., Predictors of mother–child interaction quality and child attachment security in at-risk families. Frontiers in psychology, 2014. 5: p. 898. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00898
11. Strohschein, L., Parental divorce and child mental health: Accounting for predisruption differences. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 2012. 53(6): p. 489-502. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2012.682903
12. Newman, B.M. and P.R. Newman, Development through life: A psychosocial approach. 2017: Cengage Learning.
13. Stephen, E.N. and L. Udisi, Single-parent families and their impact on children: A study of Amassoma community in Bayelsa State. European Journal of Research in Social Sciences Vol, 2016. 4(9).
14. Maldonado, L.C. and R. Nieuwenhuis, Family policies and single parent poverty in 18 OECD countries, 1978–2008. Community, Work & Family, 2015. 18(4): p. 395-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2015.1080661
15. Breivik, K., D. Olweus, and I. Endresen, Does the quality of parent–child relationships mediate the increased risk for antisocial behavior and substance use among adolescents in single-mother and single-father families? Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 2009. 50(6): p. 400-426. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502550902766282
16. Galvin, K.M., et al., Family communication: Cohesion and change. 2018: Routledge.
17. Pinquart, M. and R. Kauser, Do the associations of parenting styles with behavior problems and academic achievement vary by culture? Results from a meta-analysis. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2018. 24(1): p. 75.
18. Odongo, A.A., P.J. Aloka, and P. Raburu, Influence of parenting styles on the adolescent students’ academic achievement in Kenyan day secondary schools. 2016. http://ir.jooust.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/8883
19. Alizadeh, S., et al., Relationship between parenting style and children’s behavior problems. Asian social science, 2011. 7(12): p. 195-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v7n12p195
20. Kuppens, S. and E. Ceulemans, Parenting styles: A closer look at a well-known concept. Journal of child and family studies, 2019. 28(1): p. 168-181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1242-x
21. Hunt, J.C., Associations between different parenting styles and child behavior. 2013.
22. Shafipour, S.Z., et al., Parenting styles and its relation with children behavioral problems. Journal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery, 2015. 25(2): p. 49-56. https://hnmj.gums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=459&slc_lang=en&sid=1&ftxt=1&html=1
23. Anton, M.T., D.J. Jones, and E.A. Youngstrom, Socioeconomic status, parenting, and externalizing problems in African American single-mother homes: A person-oriented approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 2015. 29(3): p. 405. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2015-24732-005
24. Sorkhabi, N. and J. Mandara, Are the effects of Baumrind's parenting styles culturally specific or culturally equivalent? 2013. https://doi.org/10.1037/13948-006
25. Lavasani, M.G., et al., The relationship between perceived parenting styles, social support with psychological well-being. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2011. 15: p. 1852-1856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.014
26. Roth, R., Manual for the mother-child relatioship evaluation. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services, 1980.
27. Zamiri, R., The relationship between the type of delivery and the emotional relationship between the child and the mother in preschool girls (kindergartens under the supervision of the welfare organization of Mashhad). Islamic Azad University of Roodehen Branch. (In Persian). 2005.
28. Achenbach, T.M. and T.M. Ruffle, The Child Behavior Checklist and related forms for assessing behavioral/emotional problems and competencies. Pediatrics in review, 2000. 21(8): p. 265-271. https://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/content/21/8/265
29. Ashori, M. and R. Karimnezhad, The effect of play therapy training with filial therapy model on behavioral problems of children and resiliency of deaf mothers. Positive Psychology Research, 2019. 5(2): p. 85-98. https://ppls.ui.ac.ir/article_24399_0.html?lang=en
30. Vaux, A., et al., The social support appraisals (SS-A) scale: Studies of reliability and validity. American Journal of Community Psychology, 1986. 14(2): p. 195-218. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00911821
31. Khabaz, M., Z. Behjati, and M. Naseri, Relationship between social support and coping styles and resiliency in adolescents. 2012. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=264222
32. Lazar, A., J. Guttmann, and L. Abas, Parental authority in divorced families. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 2009. 50(5): p. 356-368. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10502550902766514
33. Mullins, L.L., et al., The relationship between single-parent status and parenting capacities in mothers of youth with chronic health conditions: The mediating role of income. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 2011. 36(3): p. 249-257. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsq080
34. Yaffe, Y., Do single mothers differ from non-single mothers in their parenting styles? A brief report study. Interdisciplinary Journal of Family Studies, 2017. 22(2). http://ijfs.padovauniversitypress.it/2017/2/3
35. Flashman, J., Academic achievement and its impact on friend dynamics. Sociology of education, 2012. 85(1): p. 61-80. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0038040711417014
36. Abd Hamid, S.R. and S. Salleh, Exploring single parenting process in Malaysia: Issues and coping strategies. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013. 84: p. 1154-1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.718
37. Abedini, Z., M. Mirnasab, and E. Fathi Azar, A Comparative Study of Identity Styles, Quality of Life and Behavioral Problems between Single Parent and Two Parent Adolescents. Journal of Education and Learning, 2017. 6(2): p. 235-245. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1133204
38. Liu, X., et al., Behavioral and emotional problems in Chinese children of divorced parents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2000. 39(7): p. 896-903. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200007000-00019
39. Daryanani, I., et al., Single mother parenting and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 2016. 44(7): p. 1411-1423. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10802-016-0128-x.
40. Riediger, N.D., S. Shooshtari, and M.H. Moghadasian, The influence of sociodemographic factors on patterns of fruit and vegetable consumption in Canadian adolescents. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2007. 107(9): p. 1511-1518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2007.06.015
41. Alidosti, M., et al., Comparison of parenting style in single child and multiple children families. Iranian Journal of Health Sciences, 2016. 4(2): p. 49-54. http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-521-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1
42. Gere, M.K., et al., Overprotective parenting and child anxiety: The role of co-occurring child behavior problems. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2012. 26(6): p. 642-649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.04.003
43. Berkien, M., et al., Children’s perceptions of dissimilarity in parenting styles are associated with internalizing and externalizing behavior. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 2012. 21(2): p. 79-85. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-011-0234-9
1. Costa Jr, P.T., R.R. McCrae, and C.E. Löckenhoff, Personality across the life span. Annual review of psychology, 2019. 70: p. 423-448. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103244
2. Gregory, A.M. and A. Sadeh, Sleep, emotional and behavioral difficulties in children and adolescents. Sleep medicine reviews, 2012. 16(2): p. 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.007
3. Heberle, A.E., et al., Predicting externalizing and internalizing behavior in kindergarten: Examining the buffering role of early social support. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 2015. 44(4): p. 640-654. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.886254
4. Santos, L.M.d., et al., Prevalence of behavior problems and associated factors in preschool children from the city of Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 2015. 38: p. 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1596
5. te Brinke, L.W., et al., The structure of emotion regulation strategies in adolescence: Differential links to internalizing and externalizing problems. Social Development, 2021. 30(2): p. 536-553. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12496
6. Plueck, J., et al., Effectiveness of a teacher-based indicated prevention program for preschool children with externalizing problem behavior. Prevention Science, 2015. 16(2): p. 233-241. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11121-014-0487-x
7. Jamnik, M.R. and L.F. DiLalla, Health outcomes associated with internalizing problems in early childhood and adolescence. Frontiers in psychology, 2019. 10: p. 60. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00060
8. Zolfaghari, A.R., D. Fathi, and O. Massah, Behavior disorders prevalence in high school students in Hamedan Province. Archives of Rehabilitation, 2014. 15(1): p. 45-52.(In Persian)
9. Cooper, P. and C. Cefai, Evidence-based approaches to social, emotional and behavior difficulties in schools. KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, 2013.
10. De Falco, S., et al., Predictors of mother–child interaction quality and child attachment security in at-risk families. Frontiers in psychology, 2014. 5: p. 898. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00898
11. Strohschein, L., Parental divorce and child mental health: Accounting for predisruption differences. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 2012. 53(6): p. 489-502. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2012.682903
12. Newman, B.M. and P.R. Newman, Development through life: A psychosocial approach. 2017: Cengage Learning.
13. Stephen, E.N. and L. Udisi, Single-parent families and their impact on children: A study of Amassoma community in Bayelsa State. European Journal of Research in Social Sciences Vol, 2016. 4(9).
14. Maldonado, L.C. and R. Nieuwenhuis, Family policies and single parent poverty in 18 OECD countries, 1978–2008. Community, Work & Family, 2015. 18(4): p. 395-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2015.1080661
15. Breivik, K., D. Olweus, and I. Endresen, Does the quality of parent–child relationships mediate the increased risk for antisocial behavior and substance use among adolescents in single-mother and single-father families? Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 2009. 50(6): p. 400-426. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502550902766282
16. Galvin, K.M., et al., Family communication: Cohesion and change. 2018: Routledge.
17. Pinquart, M. and R. Kauser, Do the associations of parenting styles with behavior problems and academic achievement vary by culture? Results from a meta-analysis. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2018. 24(1): p. 75.
18. Odongo, A.A., P.J. Aloka, and P. Raburu, Influence of parenting styles on the adolescent students’ academic achievement in Kenyan day secondary schools. 2016. http://ir.jooust.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/8883
19. Alizadeh, S., et al., Relationship between parenting style and children’s behavior problems. Asian social science, 2011. 7(12): p. 195-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v7n12p195
20. Kuppens, S. and E. Ceulemans, Parenting styles: A closer look at a well-known concept. Journal of child and family studies, 2019. 28(1): p. 168-181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1242-x
21. Hunt, J.C., Associations between different parenting styles and child behavior. 2013.
22. Shafipour, S.Z., et al., Parenting styles and its relation with children behavioral problems. Journal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery, 2015. 25(2): p. 49-56. https://hnmj.gums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=459&slc_lang=en&sid=1&ftxt=1&html=1
23. Anton, M.T., D.J. Jones, and E.A. Youngstrom, Socioeconomic status, parenting, and externalizing problems in African American single-mother homes: A person-oriented approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 2015. 29(3): p. 405. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2015-24732-005
24. Sorkhabi, N. and J. Mandara, Are the effects of Baumrind's parenting styles culturally specific or culturally equivalent? 2013. https://doi.org/10.1037/13948-006
25. Lavasani, M.G., et al., The relationship between perceived parenting styles, social support with psychological well-being. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2011. 15: p. 1852-1856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.014
26. Roth, R., Manual for the mother-child relatioship evaluation. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services, 1980.
27. Zamiri, R., The relationship between the type of delivery and the emotional relationship between the child and the mother in preschool girls (kindergartens under the supervision of the welfare organization of Mashhad). Islamic Azad University of Roodehen Branch. (In Persian). 2005.
28. Achenbach, T.M. and T.M. Ruffle, The Child Behavior Checklist and related forms for assessing behavioral/emotional problems and competencies. Pediatrics in review, 2000. 21(8): p. 265-271. https://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/content/21/8/265
29. Ashori, M. and R. Karimnezhad, The effect of play therapy training with filial therapy model on behavioral problems of children and resiliency of deaf mothers. Positive Psychology Research, 2019. 5(2): p. 85-98. https://ppls.ui.ac.ir/article_24399_0.html?lang=en
30. Vaux, A., et al., The social support appraisals (SS-A) scale: Studies of reliability and validity. American Journal of Community Psychology, 1986. 14(2): p. 195-218. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00911821
31. Khabaz, M., Z. Behjati, and M. Naseri, Relationship between social support and coping styles and resiliency in adolescents. 2012. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=264222
32. Lazar, A., J. Guttmann, and L. Abas, Parental authority in divorced families. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 2009. 50(5): p. 356-368. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10502550902766514
33. Mullins, L.L., et al., The relationship between single-parent status and parenting capacities in mothers of youth with chronic health conditions: The mediating role of income. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 2011. 36(3): p. 249-257. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsq080
34. Yaffe, Y., Do single mothers differ from non-single mothers in their parenting styles? A brief report study. Interdisciplinary Journal of Family Studies, 2017. 22(2). http://ijfs.padovauniversitypress.it/2017/2/3
35. Flashman, J., Academic achievement and its impact on friend dynamics. Sociology of education, 2012. 85(1): p. 61-80. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0038040711417014
36. Abd Hamid, S.R. and S. Salleh, Exploring single parenting process in Malaysia: Issues and coping strategies. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013. 84: p. 1154-1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.718
37. Abedini, Z., M. Mirnasab, and E. Fathi Azar, A Comparative Study of Identity Styles, Quality of Life and Behavioral Problems between Single Parent and Two Parent Adolescents. Journal of Education and Learning, 2017. 6(2): p. 235-245. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1133204
38. Liu, X., et al., Behavioral and emotional problems in Chinese children of divorced parents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2000. 39(7): p. 896-903. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200007000-00019
39. Daryanani, I., et al., Single mother parenting and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 2016. 44(7): p. 1411-1423. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10802-016-0128-x.
40. Riediger, N.D., S. Shooshtari, and M.H. Moghadasian, The influence of sociodemographic factors on patterns of fruit and vegetable consumption in Canadian adolescents. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2007. 107(9): p. 1511-1518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2007.06.015
41. Alidosti, M., et al., Comparison of parenting style in single child and multiple children families. Iranian Journal of Health Sciences, 2016. 4(2): p. 49-54. http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-521-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1
42. Gere, M.K., et al., Overprotective parenting and child anxiety: The role of co-occurring child behavior problems. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2012. 26(6): p. 642-649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.04.003
43. Berkien, M., et al., Children’s perceptions of dissimilarity in parenting styles are associated with internalizing and externalizing behavior. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 2012. 21(2): p. 79-85. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-011-0234-9