Keywords
dairy; low fat dairy; high blood pressure; lifestyles; food frequency
Abstract
Introduction. The Hypertension is a major risk for cardiovascular disease. Several studies have connected dairy consumption with lower blood pressure (BP). However, these have not considered the Latin American population.
Aim. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between consumption of full-fat or low fat/fat free dairy products and high blood pressure in Chilean adults.
Methods. Cross-sectional study containing data from 3,807 adults between 20 and 98 years old from the National Health Survey (NHS) of Chile 2016-2017. The NHS is a nationally representative survey covering all 15 regions of Chile. Information on lifestyle, food frequency, and socio-demographics was collected using standardized questionnaires. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were taken by trained fieldworkers. Statistical analyses examined the association between the consumption of low fat/fat free dairy products or whole/full-fat dairy products with high blood pressure (defined as >160/90mmHg). Unadjusted associations were examined using X2 test and logistic regression models were adjusted for confounding variables.
Results. Consumption of low fat/fat free dairy products (compared with whole/full fat dairy products) was protectively associated with high blood pressure in the unadjusted model (OR: 0.76, CI 95% 0.64-0.91). However, after adjustment for confounding variables, this association was attenuated (OR: 0.88; IC95% 0.71-1.08).
Conclusion. We found limited evidence that the type of dairy products consumed is associated with high blood pressure in the Chilean population.
References
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[20] Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. Censo 2017. Santiago, Chile: 2017.
[21] WHO/FAO. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. Geneva: 2002.
[22] Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Unidad de Información y Análisis de Salud (HA). Iniciativa Regional de Datos Básicos en Salud; Glosario de Indicadores. Washington DC: 2015.
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[27] Roy SJ, Lapierre SS, Baker BD, Delfausse LA, Machin DR, Tanaka H. High dietary intake of whole milk and full-fat dairy products does not exert hypotensive effects in adults with elevated blood pressure. Nutr Res 2019;64:72–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2019.01.003.
[28] Roy SJ, Fico BG, Baker BD, Lapierre SS, Shah JA, Gourley DD, et al. Effects of full-fat dairy products on subclinical vascular function in adults with elevated blood pressure: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020;74:9–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-019-0435-8.
[29] Chiu S, Bergeron N, Williams PT, Bray GA, Sutherland B, Krauss RM. Comparison of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet and a higher-fat DASH diet on blood pressure and lipids and lipoproteins: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;103:341–7. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.123281.
[30] Lee M, Lee H, Kim J. Dairy food consumption is associated with a lower risk of the metabolic syndrome and its components: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2018;120:373–84. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114518001460.
[31] Rancourt-Bouchard M, Gigleux I, Guay V, Charest A, Saint-Gelais D, Vuillemard J-C, et al. Effects of regular-fat and low-fat dairy consumption on daytime ambulatory blood pressure and other cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled feeding trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2020;111:42–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz251.
[32] Crippa G, Zabzuni D, Bravi E, Piva G, De Noni I, Bighi E, et al. Randomized, double blind placebo-controlled pilot study of the antihypertensive effects of Grana Padano D.O.P. cheese consumption in mild - moderate hypertensive subjects. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018;22:7573–81. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201811_16299.
[33] Wade AT, Davis CR, Dyer KA, Hodgson JM, Woodman RJ, Murphy KJ. A Mediterranean diet supplemented with dairy foods improves markers of cardiovascular risk: results from the MedDairy randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2018;108:1166–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy207.
[34] World Health Organization (WHO). Healthy diet 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet (accessed August 10, 2020).
[35] Dietary fat and its relation to heart attacks and strokes. Report by the Central Committee for Medical and Community Program of the American Heart Association. JAMA 1961;175:389–91.
[36] OECD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2018-2027. Dairy and Dairy products. 2018.
[37] Geaney F, Fitzgerald S, Harrington JM, Kelly C, Greiner BA, Perry IJ. Nutrition knowledge, diet quality and hypertension in a working population. Prev Med Reports 2015;2:105–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2014.11.008.
[2] Chopra HK, Ram CVS. Recent Guidelines for Hypertension. Circ Res 2019;124:984–6. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.314789.
[3] Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. Hypertension 2020;75:1334–57. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026.
[4] Olsen MH, Angell SY, Asma S, Boutouyrie P, Burger D, Chirinos JA, et al. A call to action and a lifecourse strategy to address the global burden of raised blood pressure on current and future generations: the Lancet Commission on hypertension. Lancet 2016;388:2665–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31134-5.
[5] Kim I-G, So W-Y, Sung DJ. The relationships between lifestyle factors and hypertension in community-dwelling Korean adults. J Phys Ther Sci 2015;27:3689–92. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.3689.
[6] Landi F, Calvani R, Picca A, Tosato M, Martone AM, Ortolani E, et al. Body Mass Index is Strongly Associated with Hypertension: Results from the Longevity Check-up 7+ Study. Nutrients 2018;10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121976.
[7] Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Adams RJ, Berry JD, Brown TM, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2011 Update. Circulation 2011;123. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182009701.
[8] Departamento de Estadística e Información de Salud. Base de datos de Defunciones, Departamento de Estadísticas e Información de Salud (DEIS). Minist Salud 2020. https://deis.minsal.cl/.
[9] Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, et al. A Clinical Trial of the Effects of Dietary Patterns on Blood Pressure. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1117–24. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199704173361601.
[10] Ralston RA, Lee JH, Truby H, Palermo CE, Walker KZ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of elevated blood pressure and consumption of dairy foods. J Hum Hypertens 2012;26:3–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2011.3.
[11] Soedamah-Muthu SS, Verberne LDM, Ding EL, Engberink MF, Geleijnse JM. Dairy consumption and incidence of hypertension: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Hypertens (Dallas, Tex 1979) 2012;60:1131–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.195206.
[12] Alonso A, Zozaya C, Vázquez Z, Alfredo Martínez J, Martínez-González MA. The effect of low-fat versus whole-fat dairy product intake on blood pressure and weight in young normotensive adults. J Hum Nutr Diet 2009;22:336–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277X.2009.00967.x.
[13] Crippa G, Zabzuni D, Bravi E, Rossi F. OS 04-04 Antihypertensive effect of milk-derivative tripeptides. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of grana padano cheese dop in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2016;34:e55–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000499995.03316.c3.
[14] Stancliffe RA, Thorpe T, Zemel MB. Dairy attentuates oxidative and inflammatory stress in metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:422–30. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.013342.
[15] Van Beresteijn EC, van Schaik M, Schaafsma G. Milk: does it affect blood pressure? A controlled intervention study. J Intern Med 1990;228:477–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00266.x.
[16] Wennersberg MH, Smedman A, Turpeinen AM, Retterstøl K, Tengblad S, Lipre E, et al. Dairy products and metabolic effects in overweight men and women: results from a 6-mo intervention study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:960–8. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.27664.
[17] Ivey KL, Hodgson JM, Kerr DA, Thompson PL, Stojceski B, Prince RL. The effect of yoghurt and its probiotics on blood pressure and serum lipid profile; a randomised controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015;25:46–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2014.07.012.
[18] Rietsema S, Eelderink C, Joustra ML, van Vliet IMY, van Londen M, Corpeleijn E, et al. Effect of high compared with low dairy intake on blood pressure in overweight middle-aged adults: results of a randomized crossover intervention study. Am J Clin Nutr 2019;110:340–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz116.
[19] Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017 Primeros resultados 2017:61. https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ENS-2016-17_PRIMEROS-RESULTADOS.pdf (accessed August 10, 2020).
[20] Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. Censo 2017. Santiago, Chile: 2017.
[21] WHO/FAO. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. Geneva: 2002.
[22] Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Unidad de Información y Análisis de Salud (HA). Iniciativa Regional de Datos Básicos en Salud; Glosario de Indicadores. Washington DC: 2015.
[23] Cormick G, Ciapponi A, Cafferata ML, Belizán JM. Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010037.pub2.
[24] Fekete ÁA, Givens DI, Lovegrove JA. Casein-derived lactotripeptides reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Nutrients 2015;7:659–81. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7010659.
[25] Machin DR, Park W, Alkatan M, Mouton M, Tanaka H. Effects of non-fat dairy products added to the routine diet on vascular function: A randomized controlled crossover trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015;25:364–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2015.01.005.
[26] Aljuraiban GS, Stamler J, Chan Q, Van Horn L, Daviglus ML, Elliott P, et al. Relations between dairy product intake and blood pressure: the INTERnational study on MAcro/micronutrients and blood Pressure. J Hypertens 2018;36:2049–58. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001779.
[27] Roy SJ, Lapierre SS, Baker BD, Delfausse LA, Machin DR, Tanaka H. High dietary intake of whole milk and full-fat dairy products does not exert hypotensive effects in adults with elevated blood pressure. Nutr Res 2019;64:72–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2019.01.003.
[28] Roy SJ, Fico BG, Baker BD, Lapierre SS, Shah JA, Gourley DD, et al. Effects of full-fat dairy products on subclinical vascular function in adults with elevated blood pressure: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020;74:9–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-019-0435-8.
[29] Chiu S, Bergeron N, Williams PT, Bray GA, Sutherland B, Krauss RM. Comparison of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet and a higher-fat DASH diet on blood pressure and lipids and lipoproteins: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;103:341–7. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.123281.
[30] Lee M, Lee H, Kim J. Dairy food consumption is associated with a lower risk of the metabolic syndrome and its components: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2018;120:373–84. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114518001460.
[31] Rancourt-Bouchard M, Gigleux I, Guay V, Charest A, Saint-Gelais D, Vuillemard J-C, et al. Effects of regular-fat and low-fat dairy consumption on daytime ambulatory blood pressure and other cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled feeding trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2020;111:42–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz251.
[32] Crippa G, Zabzuni D, Bravi E, Piva G, De Noni I, Bighi E, et al. Randomized, double blind placebo-controlled pilot study of the antihypertensive effects of Grana Padano D.O.P. cheese consumption in mild - moderate hypertensive subjects. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018;22:7573–81. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201811_16299.
[33] Wade AT, Davis CR, Dyer KA, Hodgson JM, Woodman RJ, Murphy KJ. A Mediterranean diet supplemented with dairy foods improves markers of cardiovascular risk: results from the MedDairy randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2018;108:1166–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy207.
[34] World Health Organization (WHO). Healthy diet 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet (accessed August 10, 2020).
[35] Dietary fat and its relation to heart attacks and strokes. Report by the Central Committee for Medical and Community Program of the American Heart Association. JAMA 1961;175:389–91.
[36] OECD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2018-2027. Dairy and Dairy products. 2018.
[37] Geaney F, Fitzgerald S, Harrington JM, Kelly C, Greiner BA, Perry IJ. Nutrition knowledge, diet quality and hypertension in a working population. Prev Med Reports 2015;2:105–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2014.11.008.