Keywords
indicators, quality of life, pregnant women
Abstract
Introduction. Ideal health assessment includes physical, mental, and social health measures that measure a person’s quality of life. This study aims to develop indicators to measure the quality of life of pregnant women.
Methods. The design of this study was development research with a cross‐sectional data collection. The study sites were in six PHC in Ngawi district and Blitar city, East Java Province, Indonesia. The sample size is 800 pregnant women. Data analysis used the second‐order Convincatory Factor Analysis (CFA) method.
Results. The indicators to measure the quality of life of preg‐ nant women were all 46, consist of 21 indicators for functional and physical health factors, 6 indicators for mental health and functional factors, and 19 indicators for the social functional and environmental factors. Health factors and physical functions con‐ sist of 21 indicators, which are divided into seven aspects. Health factors and mental functions consist of 6 indicators divided into three aspects. The social and environmental function factor con‐ sists of 19 indicators divided into six aspects.
Conclusions. The indicators of quality of life for pregnant women that are developed can represent most of the conditions of preg‐ nant women, and if they have been validated, they are expected to be applied easily. Indicators of quality of life for pregnant women have provided a sufficient but straight forward way of calculating and cutting off points to categorize the quality of life status of pregnant women.
References
1. World Health Organization. Women and Health: Today’s Evidence Tomorrow’s Agenda.; 2009.
2. Abedi G, Babamiri F, Rostami F. Pregnant Women Life Quality Concept & Phenomenology. Int J Collab Res Intern Med Publiic Heal. 2012;4(7):1412-1418.
3. Förger F, Østensen M, Schumacher A, Villiger PM. Impact of Pregnancy on Health Related Quality of Life Evaluated Prospectively in Pregnant Women with Rheumatic Diseases by The SF-36 Health Survey. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(10):1494-1499. doi:10.1136/ard.2004.033019
4. Naseem K, Khurshid S, Khan SF, et al. Health Related Quality of Life in Pregnant Women : A Comparison Between Urban and Rural Populations. J Pak Med Assoc. 2011;61(3):308-312.
5. The WHOQOL Group. The World Health Organization Quality Of Life Assessment ( WHOQOL ): Development and General Psychometric Properties. Soc Sci Med. 1998;46(12):1569-1585.
6. Oliveira SX, Oliveira MB, Silva RAR da, Davim RMB. Characteristics Of The Domains Of Quality of Life In Pregnant Women Of The Family Health Srategy. J Nurs UFPE line. 2013;7:7007-7016. doi:10.5205/reuol.4767-42136-1-ED.0712esp201307
7. Calou CGP, Pinheiro AKB, Castro RCMB, Oliveira MF De, Aquino P de S, Antezana FJ. Health Related Quality of Life of Pregnant Women and Associated Factors : An Integrative Review. Health (Irvine Calif). 2014;6(October):2375-2387.
8. Morin M, Claris O, Dussart C, et al. Health-related quality of life during pregnancy: A repeated measures study of changes from the first trimester to birth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2019;98(10):1282-1291. doi:10.1111/aogs.13624
9. Martin CR, Jomeen J. Assessment of Quality of Life During Pregnancy and in the Postnatal Period. In: Preedy VR, Watson RR, eds. Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures. New York, NY: Springer; 2010:2411-2422. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_141
10. Mortazavi F, Mousavi SA, Chaman R, Khosravi A. Maternal Quality of Life During The Transition to Motherhood. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(5):e8443. doi:10.5812/ircmj.8443
11. World Health Organization. Maternal Mental Health. http://www.who.int/mental_health/maternal-child/maternal_mental_health/en/. Published 2015. Accessed February 11, 2015.
12. Shishehgar S, Mahmoodi A, Dolatian M, Mahmoodi Z, Bakhtiary M, Alavi Majd H. The Relationship of Social Support and Quality of Life with the Level of Stress in Pregnant Women Using the PATH Model. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013;15(7):560-565. doi:10.5812/ircmj.12174
13. Morikawa M, Okada T, Ando M, et al. Relationship between social support during pregnancy and postpartum depressive state : a prospective cohort study. Sci Rep. 2015;5(10520):1-9. doi:10.1038/srep10520
14. Iranzad I, Bani S, Hasanpour S, Mohammadalizadeh S, Mirghafourvand M. Perceived Social Support and Stress among Pregnant Women at Health Centers of Iran-Tabriz. J Caring Sci. 2014;3(4):287-295. doi:10.5681/jcs.2014.031
15. Ware JE, Gandek B. Overview of the SF-36 Health Survey and the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51(11):903-912. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00081-X
16. WHOQOL Group. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL): Development and General Psychometric Properties the Whoqol Group. Soc Sci Med. 1998;46(12):1569-1585.
17. Skevington SM, Lotfy M, O’Connell KA. The World Health Organization’s WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: Psychometric properties and results of the international field trial a Report from the WHOQOL Group. Qual Life Res. 2004;13(2):299-310.
18. Magee LA, Chandra K, Mazzotta P, Stewar D, Koren G, Guyatt GH. Development of a health-related quality of life instrument for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(5):S232-S238.
19. Kazemi F, Nahidi F, Kariman N. Assessment Scales , Associated Factors and the Quality of Life Score in Pregnant Women in Iran. Glob J Health Sci. 2016;8(11):127-139.
20. Vachkova E, Jezek S, Mares J, Moravcova M. The Evaluation of The Psychometric Properties of A Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire for Physiological Pregnancy. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013;11:214. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-11-214
21. Zhou SZ, Wang XL, Wang Y. Design of a questionnaire for evaluating the quality of life of postpartum women (PQOL) in China. Qual Life Res. 2009;18(4):497-508.
22. Mogos MF, August EM, Salinas-Miranda AA, Sultan DH, Salihu HM. A Systematic Review of Quality of Life Measures in Pregnant and Postpartum Mothers. Appl Res Qual Life. 2013;8(2):219-250.
23. Chen T, Li L, Kochen MM. A systematic review: How to choose appropriate health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures in routine general practice? J Zhejiang Univ Sci. 2005;6B(9):936-940.
24. Lemeshow S, Hosmer Jr DW, Klar J, Lwanga SK. Adequacy of Sample Size in Health Studies. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.; 1990.
25. World Health Organization. The Constitutional Mission of the World Health Organization. Vol Forty-fift.; 2006:1-20.
26. Mazúchová L, Kelčíková S, Dubovická Z. Measuring women’s quality of life during pregnancy. Kontakt. 2018;20(1):e31-e36. doi:10.1016/j.kontakt.2017.11.004
27. Krzepota J, Sadowska D. Relationships between Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Pregnant Women in the Second and Third Trimester. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15, 2745(December):1-12. doi:10.3390/ijerph15122745
28. Lagadec N, Steinecker M, Kapassi A, et al. Factors influencing the quality of life of pregnant women : a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;4(18):1-14.
29. Poudevigne MS, O’Connor PJ, Johnson KE, Araujo JB De, Ward-Ritacco CL. Effect of resistance training on fatigue-related domains of quality of life and mood during pregnancy: A randomized trial in pregnant women with back pain. Psychosom Med. 2019;80(3):327-332. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000559.Effects
30. Van De Pol G, De Leeuw JRJ, Van Brummen HJ, Bruinse HW, Heintz APM, Vaart CH Van Der. The Pregnancy Mobility Index: a mobility scale during and after pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol. 2006;85:786-791. doi:10.1080/00016340500456373
31. Ibanez G, Khaled A, Jf R, et al. Back Pain during Pregnancy and Quality of Life of Pregnant Women. Prim Heal Care. 2017;7(1):1-6. doi:10.4172/2167-1079.1000261
32. Sut HK, Asci O, Topac N. Sleep Quality and Health-Related Quality. J Perinat Neonat Nurs. 2016;34(4):302-309. doi:10.1097/JPN.0000000000000181
33. Peterman A, Ng SW, Palermo T, Lee I-HE. Managing the double burden: Effects of pregnancy on labor- intensive time use in rural China, Mexico and Tanzania. Stud Fam Plann. 2013;44(4):411-430. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2013.00367.x.Managing
34. Inanir S, Cakmak B, Nacar MC, Guler AE, Inanir A. Body Image Perception and Self-esteem During Pregnancy. Int J Women’s Heal Reprod Sci. 2015;3(4):196-200. doi:10.15296/ijwhr.2015.41
35. Calou CGP, Oliveira MF de, Carvalho FHC, et al. Maternal predictors related to quality of life in pregnant women in the Northeast of Brazil. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014;6:2375-2387. doi:10.1186/s12955-018-0917-8
36. Calou CGP, Oliveira MF de, Carvalho FHC, et al. Maternal predictors related to quality of life in pregnant women in the Northeast of Brazil. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018;16(109):1-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-018-0917-8 RESEARCH
37. Sokoya M, Farotimi A, Ojewole F. Women’s perception of husbands’ support during pregnancy, labour and delivery. J Nurs Heal Sci. 2014;3(3):45-50. doi:10.9790/1959-03314550
38. Raman S, Srinivasan K, Kurpad A, Dwarkanath P, Ritchie J, Worth H. ‘ My Mother … My Sisters … and My Friends ’ : Sources of maternal support in the perinatal period in urban India. Midwifery. 2014;30(1):130-137. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2013.03.003
39. Niaghiha M, Baglooei MM, Mafi M, Taherpour M. Spiritual Well‑Being and Life Satisfaction in Pregnant Women: The Mediating Role of Social Support. Soc Heal Behav. 2019;2(3):83-88.
40. Abdollahpour S, Keramat A. The Impact of Perceived Social Support from Family and Empowerment on Maternal Wellbeing in the Postpartum Period. J Midwefery Reprod Heal. 2016;4(4):779-787. doi:10.22038/jmrh.2016.7612
41. Emmanuel E, John WS, Sun J. Relationship between Social Support and Quality of Life in Childbearing. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2012;41(6):E62-E69. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2012.01400.x
42. Ohashi A, Higuchi M, Labeeb SA, Mohamed AG, Chiang C, Aoyama A. Family Support for Women’s Health-Seeking Behavior: A Qualitative Study in Rural Southern Egypt (Upper Egypt). Nagoya J Med Sci. 2014;76:17-25.
43. Agampodi TC, Rheinländer T, Agampodi SB, Glozier N, Siribaddana S. Social capital and health during pregnancy: an in-depth exploration from rural Sri Lanka. Reprod Health. 2017;14(89):1-19. doi:10.1186/s12978-017-0349-7
44. Singh D, Newburn M, Smith N, Wiggins M. The information needs of rst-time pregnant mothers. Br J Midwifery. 2013;10(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2002.10.1.10054
45. Abdollahpour S, Ramezani S, Khosravi A. Perceived Social Support among Family in Pregnant Women. Int J Pediatr. 2015;3(21):879-888. doi:10.22038/IJP.2015.4703
2. Abedi G, Babamiri F, Rostami F. Pregnant Women Life Quality Concept & Phenomenology. Int J Collab Res Intern Med Publiic Heal. 2012;4(7):1412-1418.
3. Förger F, Østensen M, Schumacher A, Villiger PM. Impact of Pregnancy on Health Related Quality of Life Evaluated Prospectively in Pregnant Women with Rheumatic Diseases by The SF-36 Health Survey. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(10):1494-1499. doi:10.1136/ard.2004.033019
4. Naseem K, Khurshid S, Khan SF, et al. Health Related Quality of Life in Pregnant Women : A Comparison Between Urban and Rural Populations. J Pak Med Assoc. 2011;61(3):308-312.
5. The WHOQOL Group. The World Health Organization Quality Of Life Assessment ( WHOQOL ): Development and General Psychometric Properties. Soc Sci Med. 1998;46(12):1569-1585.
6. Oliveira SX, Oliveira MB, Silva RAR da, Davim RMB. Characteristics Of The Domains Of Quality of Life In Pregnant Women Of The Family Health Srategy. J Nurs UFPE line. 2013;7:7007-7016. doi:10.5205/reuol.4767-42136-1-ED.0712esp201307
7. Calou CGP, Pinheiro AKB, Castro RCMB, Oliveira MF De, Aquino P de S, Antezana FJ. Health Related Quality of Life of Pregnant Women and Associated Factors : An Integrative Review. Health (Irvine Calif). 2014;6(October):2375-2387.
8. Morin M, Claris O, Dussart C, et al. Health-related quality of life during pregnancy: A repeated measures study of changes from the first trimester to birth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2019;98(10):1282-1291. doi:10.1111/aogs.13624
9. Martin CR, Jomeen J. Assessment of Quality of Life During Pregnancy and in the Postnatal Period. In: Preedy VR, Watson RR, eds. Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures. New York, NY: Springer; 2010:2411-2422. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_141
10. Mortazavi F, Mousavi SA, Chaman R, Khosravi A. Maternal Quality of Life During The Transition to Motherhood. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(5):e8443. doi:10.5812/ircmj.8443
11. World Health Organization. Maternal Mental Health. http://www.who.int/mental_health/maternal-child/maternal_mental_health/en/. Published 2015. Accessed February 11, 2015.
12. Shishehgar S, Mahmoodi A, Dolatian M, Mahmoodi Z, Bakhtiary M, Alavi Majd H. The Relationship of Social Support and Quality of Life with the Level of Stress in Pregnant Women Using the PATH Model. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013;15(7):560-565. doi:10.5812/ircmj.12174
13. Morikawa M, Okada T, Ando M, et al. Relationship between social support during pregnancy and postpartum depressive state : a prospective cohort study. Sci Rep. 2015;5(10520):1-9. doi:10.1038/srep10520
14. Iranzad I, Bani S, Hasanpour S, Mohammadalizadeh S, Mirghafourvand M. Perceived Social Support and Stress among Pregnant Women at Health Centers of Iran-Tabriz. J Caring Sci. 2014;3(4):287-295. doi:10.5681/jcs.2014.031
15. Ware JE, Gandek B. Overview of the SF-36 Health Survey and the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51(11):903-912. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00081-X
16. WHOQOL Group. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL): Development and General Psychometric Properties the Whoqol Group. Soc Sci Med. 1998;46(12):1569-1585.
17. Skevington SM, Lotfy M, O’Connell KA. The World Health Organization’s WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: Psychometric properties and results of the international field trial a Report from the WHOQOL Group. Qual Life Res. 2004;13(2):299-310.
18. Magee LA, Chandra K, Mazzotta P, Stewar D, Koren G, Guyatt GH. Development of a health-related quality of life instrument for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(5):S232-S238.
19. Kazemi F, Nahidi F, Kariman N. Assessment Scales , Associated Factors and the Quality of Life Score in Pregnant Women in Iran. Glob J Health Sci. 2016;8(11):127-139.
20. Vachkova E, Jezek S, Mares J, Moravcova M. The Evaluation of The Psychometric Properties of A Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire for Physiological Pregnancy. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013;11:214. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-11-214
21. Zhou SZ, Wang XL, Wang Y. Design of a questionnaire for evaluating the quality of life of postpartum women (PQOL) in China. Qual Life Res. 2009;18(4):497-508.
22. Mogos MF, August EM, Salinas-Miranda AA, Sultan DH, Salihu HM. A Systematic Review of Quality of Life Measures in Pregnant and Postpartum Mothers. Appl Res Qual Life. 2013;8(2):219-250.
23. Chen T, Li L, Kochen MM. A systematic review: How to choose appropriate health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures in routine general practice? J Zhejiang Univ Sci. 2005;6B(9):936-940.
24. Lemeshow S, Hosmer Jr DW, Klar J, Lwanga SK. Adequacy of Sample Size in Health Studies. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.; 1990.
25. World Health Organization. The Constitutional Mission of the World Health Organization. Vol Forty-fift.; 2006:1-20.
26. Mazúchová L, Kelčíková S, Dubovická Z. Measuring women’s quality of life during pregnancy. Kontakt. 2018;20(1):e31-e36. doi:10.1016/j.kontakt.2017.11.004
27. Krzepota J, Sadowska D. Relationships between Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Pregnant Women in the Second and Third Trimester. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15, 2745(December):1-12. doi:10.3390/ijerph15122745
28. Lagadec N, Steinecker M, Kapassi A, et al. Factors influencing the quality of life of pregnant women : a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;4(18):1-14.
29. Poudevigne MS, O’Connor PJ, Johnson KE, Araujo JB De, Ward-Ritacco CL. Effect of resistance training on fatigue-related domains of quality of life and mood during pregnancy: A randomized trial in pregnant women with back pain. Psychosom Med. 2019;80(3):327-332. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000559.Effects
30. Van De Pol G, De Leeuw JRJ, Van Brummen HJ, Bruinse HW, Heintz APM, Vaart CH Van Der. The Pregnancy Mobility Index: a mobility scale during and after pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol. 2006;85:786-791. doi:10.1080/00016340500456373
31. Ibanez G, Khaled A, Jf R, et al. Back Pain during Pregnancy and Quality of Life of Pregnant Women. Prim Heal Care. 2017;7(1):1-6. doi:10.4172/2167-1079.1000261
32. Sut HK, Asci O, Topac N. Sleep Quality and Health-Related Quality. J Perinat Neonat Nurs. 2016;34(4):302-309. doi:10.1097/JPN.0000000000000181
33. Peterman A, Ng SW, Palermo T, Lee I-HE. Managing the double burden: Effects of pregnancy on labor- intensive time use in rural China, Mexico and Tanzania. Stud Fam Plann. 2013;44(4):411-430. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2013.00367.x.Managing
34. Inanir S, Cakmak B, Nacar MC, Guler AE, Inanir A. Body Image Perception and Self-esteem During Pregnancy. Int J Women’s Heal Reprod Sci. 2015;3(4):196-200. doi:10.15296/ijwhr.2015.41
35. Calou CGP, Oliveira MF de, Carvalho FHC, et al. Maternal predictors related to quality of life in pregnant women in the Northeast of Brazil. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014;6:2375-2387. doi:10.1186/s12955-018-0917-8
36. Calou CGP, Oliveira MF de, Carvalho FHC, et al. Maternal predictors related to quality of life in pregnant women in the Northeast of Brazil. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018;16(109):1-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-018-0917-8 RESEARCH
37. Sokoya M, Farotimi A, Ojewole F. Women’s perception of husbands’ support during pregnancy, labour and delivery. J Nurs Heal Sci. 2014;3(3):45-50. doi:10.9790/1959-03314550
38. Raman S, Srinivasan K, Kurpad A, Dwarkanath P, Ritchie J, Worth H. ‘ My Mother … My Sisters … and My Friends ’ : Sources of maternal support in the perinatal period in urban India. Midwifery. 2014;30(1):130-137. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2013.03.003
39. Niaghiha M, Baglooei MM, Mafi M, Taherpour M. Spiritual Well‑Being and Life Satisfaction in Pregnant Women: The Mediating Role of Social Support. Soc Heal Behav. 2019;2(3):83-88.
40. Abdollahpour S, Keramat A. The Impact of Perceived Social Support from Family and Empowerment on Maternal Wellbeing in the Postpartum Period. J Midwefery Reprod Heal. 2016;4(4):779-787. doi:10.22038/jmrh.2016.7612
41. Emmanuel E, John WS, Sun J. Relationship between Social Support and Quality of Life in Childbearing. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2012;41(6):E62-E69. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2012.01400.x
42. Ohashi A, Higuchi M, Labeeb SA, Mohamed AG, Chiang C, Aoyama A. Family Support for Women’s Health-Seeking Behavior: A Qualitative Study in Rural Southern Egypt (Upper Egypt). Nagoya J Med Sci. 2014;76:17-25.
43. Agampodi TC, Rheinländer T, Agampodi SB, Glozier N, Siribaddana S. Social capital and health during pregnancy: an in-depth exploration from rural Sri Lanka. Reprod Health. 2017;14(89):1-19. doi:10.1186/s12978-017-0349-7
44. Singh D, Newburn M, Smith N, Wiggins M. The information needs of rst-time pregnant mothers. Br J Midwifery. 2013;10(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2002.10.1.10054
45. Abdollahpour S, Ramezani S, Khosravi A. Perceived Social Support among Family in Pregnant Women. Int J Pediatr. 2015;3(21):879-888. doi:10.22038/IJP.2015.4703