Keywords
Personal Hygiene, Primary school pupils, Northern Côte d'Ivoire.
Abstract
Introduction
Students’ personal hygiene helps maintain good health and promote good academic results. When the sanitary infrastructure is insufficient, maintaining this hygiene can be difficult to achieve. We wanted to analyse the determinants of personal hygiene among pupils in schools in the northern region of Côte D'Ivoire.
Methods
This cross-sectional retrospective study gathers data on 2,035 schoolchildren recruited from thirty schools in the northern part of Côte D'Ivoire. The personal hygiene index is established and analysed in comparison to the socio-demographic characteristics of students, homes and schools. They are analyzed using R Software version 1.1.463, the χ2 test and a logistic regression model.
Results
Overall, the majority of students had good personal hygiene (82.75%) with an average personal hygiene score of 4.74 ± 1.36. The predictors of good personal hygiene among schoolchildren are female (OR=1,5 ; CI95%= 4,31-16,37), father's level of education, primary school (OR=1,55 ; CI95%= 1,07-2,29), father's monthly income higher than 60000FCFA (90 Euros) and modern housing (OR= 1,45 ; CI95%=1,05-2,03). However, poor sanitation at home caused poor personal hygiene among pupils (OR=0,34 ; CI95%= 0,23-0,5).
Conclusion
Measures to raise the standard of living of families and the provision of sanitory facilities in homes becomes necessary in order to improve students personal hygiene.
Keywords: Personal Hygiene, Primary school pupils, Northern Côte d'Ivoire.
References
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[2] Adnane KM. Evaluation de la santé scolaire en Algérie. Institut des sciences et techniques d’éducation physique et sport, université d’Alger 3. Revue sciences et pratiques des activités physiques sportives et artistiques 2014 ; n°5.
[3] Unicef/ Division des programmes. Vers une meilleure programmation : Un manuel sur l’hygiène et l’assainissement en milieu scolaire, 1998. UNICEF/PD/WES/98-5.
[4] Motakpalli K, Amrutha SI, Siddesh BS, Jayaalakshmi KN, Bendigeri ND, Deepak CJ. A study on health hygiene among school children in rural field practice area of ajims mangalore in karnataka: india. Int. J. Bioassays 2013 ;02 (10) :407-1410.
[5] United Nation International Children’s Emergency Fund. Levant les mains encore plus propres ; UNICEF, New York, NY, Etats Unies, 2012.
[6] Sandora TJ, Mei-Chiung S, Goldmann DA. Reducing absenteeism from gastrointestinal and respiratory illness in elementary school students: a randomized, controlled trial of an infection-control intervention. Pediatrics 2008 ;121 : 1555-1562. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2597.
[7] Tamiru D, Argaw A, Gerbaba M, Ayana G, Nigussie A, Jisha H, Belachew T.
Enhancing personal hygiene behavior and competency of elementary school adolescents through peer-led approach and school-friendly: a quasi-experimental study. Ethiop J Health Sci 2017 ;27(3) :245. doi :10.4314/ejhs.v27i3.6.
[8] Mcmichael C. Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in schools in low-income countries : a review of evidence of impact. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019 ; 16, 359 : 1-21. doi:10.3390/ijerph16030359.
[9] Migele J, Ombeki S, Ayalo M, Biggerstaff M, Quick R. Short report : Diarrhea prevention in a Kenyan school through the use of a simple safe water and hygiene intervention. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg 2007 ; 76(2), 2007 :351-353.
[10] Erismann S, Diagbouga S, Schindler C, Odermatt P, Knoblauch AM, Gerold J, Leuenberger A, Shrestha A, Tarnagda G, Utzinger J, Cisse G. SchoolChildren’s Intestinal Parasite and Nutritional Status One Year after Complementary School Garden, Nutrition, Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions in Burkina Faso. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg 2017 ; 97(3) : 904-913. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0964.
[11] Chard AN and Freeman MC. Design, intervention fidelity, and behavioral outcomes of a school-based water, sanitation, and hygiene cluster-randomized trial in laos. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018 ; 15, 570. doi :10.3390/ijerph15040570.
[12] Sarkar M. Personal hygiene among primary school children living in a slum of Kolkata, India. J Prev Med Hyg. 2013 ; 54 (3) :153-158.
[13] Tania J, Ryan C, Wanda O, Octavio ZM, Rinko K, Jamie B. Water, sanitation, and hygiene in schools in low socio-economic regions in Nicaragua : cross-sectional survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015 ; 12 : 6197-6217.doi :10.3390/ijerph120606197.
[14] Garn JV, Trinies V, Toubkiss J, Freeman MC. The Role of Adherence on the Impact of a School-Based Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Intervention in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;96(4):984–993. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0558.
[15] Azmawati NM, Rani MD, Jamaluddin TZ, Zarini I, Shalinawati R, Faroque H, Samad FN, Arifen AR, Farid AR, Ilina I. Effect of hand hygiene intervention on the absenteeism of pre‑school children in Klang Valley, Malaysia : a quasi‑experimental study. World Journal of Pediatrics . doi10.1007/s12519-019-00283-x.
[16] Al‑Rifaai JM, Al Haddad AM, Qasem JA. Personal hygiene among college students in Kuwait: A Health promotion perspective. J Edu Health Promot 2018 ;7 :92 doi: 10.4103/jehp.158_17.
[17] Baba UA, Rimamchika M, Ahmad I, Nnanubumom AA, Godiya A, Pembi E. State of personal hygiene among primary school children : A community based cohort study. Sudan J Paediatr 2013 ; 13(1) :38-42.
[18] Lopez-Quintero C, Freeman P, Neumark Y. Hand Washing Among School Children in Bogota, Colombia. Am J Public Health 2008 ; 99 :94-101. doi :10.2105/AJPH.2007.129759
[19] Kiki-Barro PC, Konaté A, Kassi KF, Angora KE, Vanga-Bosson H, Djohan V, Bédia-Tanoh AV, Miézan AJ, Yavo W, Menan EH. Prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis infections among school children in Danane, Western Côte D’Ivoire. Afr J Microbiol Res 2019 ; 13(27) : 483-487. doi: 10.5897/AJMR2017.8759.
[20] Kiki-Barro PK, Kassi Fk, Konate A, Djohan V, Vanga-Bosson H, Angora EK, Bedia-Tanoh AV, Miezan S, Yavo W, Menan EH. Prevalence of Intestinal Helminthiasis Among Primary School Children in San-Pedro, South-West, Cote d’Ivoire. Rev int sc méd 2017 ;19,3:173-178.
[21] Pasec 2014.Performances du système éducatif ivoirien : Compétences et facteurs de réussite au primaire. PASEC, CONFEMEN 2016 ; Dakar.
[22] Jeyakumar A, Ghugre P. Assessment of personal hygiene and sanitation using a
composite index among adolescent girls and their households in urban slums of Pune, Maharashtra. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2017.doi: 10.2166/washdev.2017.127.
[23] Oga A S, Yavo W, Menan EH, Attey MA, Kouadio LP, Koné M. Helminthiases intestinales chez les enfants d’âge scolaire : résultats préliminaires d’une étude prospective à Agboville dans le sud de la Côte d’Ivoire. Cahiers d'études et de recherches francophones / Santé. 2004 ;14(3) :143-147.
[24] Bewa G, Roch JC, Houssou CS, Boko M. Eau hygiène et assainissement dans la commune d’ALLADA au Benin. Journal internationale de l’innovation et de la recherche scientifique.2016 ; 26 (1) :125-134.
[25] Sibiya JE, Gumbo JR. Knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) survey on water, sanitation and hygiene in selected schools in vhembe district, limpopo, south africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 2282-2295. doi : 10.3390/ijerph10062282.
[26] Tiecoura KF. Etude CAP dans 52 écoles fondamentales du district de Bamako et de région de Koulikoro appuyées par l’ONG wateraid. Th. Mèd. : Bamako 2012.