Keywords
rabies vaccine, history of medicine, Institut Pasteur
Abstract
Louis Pasteur is the renowned chemist and microbiologist of the 19th century involved in the development of the rabies vaccine. He worked with a researchers team in the laboratory, mainly Pierre Paul Emile Roux, and also physicians in the clinical practice approach and the defense of Pasteur’s antirabies technique in the Académie Nationale de Médecine, Alfred Vulpian being the most notable. Pasteur´s his first studies on rabies are noted in his 1881 publication. But in 1885, he revealed that he had already immunized 50 dogs against rabies. However, in the meantime, he was looking for human subjects. The most polemic of this search involves the second and last emperor of Brazil, D. Pedro II, who was a patron of the arts and sciences and followed and supported the work of the great scientist. At Dom Pedro´s reign, the first Pasteur´s Institute was found in Rio de Janeiro, nine months before the Parisian one, also supported with Dom Pedro´s contribution. This article deals with the interaction between the two outstanding characters, especially in the development of prophylactic treatment against rabies, and with the utilitarian aspects of this vaccine researches development against individual autonomy.
References
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[34] Williams MW. Dom Pedro the Magnanimous - the second emperor of Brazil. Oxon, Inglaterra: Frank Cass & Company Limited, 1966, 244-263.
[35] Instituto Estadual do Patrimônio Cultural – Inepac. Nome: Conjunto de bens em Laranjeiras. Número do processo: E-18/001.553/98. Available at: http://www.inepac.rj.gov.br/index.php/bens_tombados/detalhar/317. Accessed on 09/06/2020.
[02] Simon M. Déontologie médicale, ou Des devoirs et des droits des médecins dans l’état actuel de la civilisation, Paris: Baillière, 1845, p. 335-7.
[03] Bentivoglio M. Intraneuronal inclusion bodies: From Negri bodies to proteasomal dysfunction. Rend Fis Acc Lincei 2003;14(9):263-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02904486.
[04] Pearce JM. Louis Pasteur and rabies: a brief note. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;73(1):82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.73.1.82.
[05] Dahl FA, Oftedal G. Trolley Dilemmas Fail to Predict Ethical Judgment in a Hypothetical Vaccination Context. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2019;14(1):23-32. doi:10.1177/1556264618808175.
[06] Freitas DG. Les voyages de L´Empereur Pierre Second (D. Pedro II) en France. Available at: https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1979x013x001/HSMx1979x013x001x0091.pdf .Accessed on 09/06/2020.
[07] Pasteur, Louis (Pas.c). Arquivo Histórico - Museu Imperial, I-DLC-16.6.886- Paris, 16/06/1886.
[08] Marchand MH. Friendship with the Emperor of Brazil. The Story of the Pasteur Institute and Its Contributions to Global Health. Cambridge Scholars Publishing; Unabridged edition, 2018, p. 123-125.
[09] Pasteur, Louis (POB). Arquivo Histórico - Museu Imperial, Maço 183 - Doc. 8356, Paris, 15/11/1880.
[10] Pasteur, Louis (POB). Arquivo Histórico - Museu Imperial, Maço 187 - Doc. 8501, Paris, 07/07/1882.
[11] Pasteur, Louis (POB). Arquivo Histórico - Museu Imperial, Maço 192 - Doc. 8722, 23/06 e 22/09/1884.
[12] Pasteur, Louis (POB). Arquivo Histórico - Museu Imperial, Maço 193 - Doc. 8738, Paris, 23/02/1885.
[13] Pasteur, Louis (POB). Arquivo Histórico - Museu Imperial, Maço 195 - Doc. 8830, Paris, 02/03/1886.
[14] Pasteur, Louis (POB). Arquivo Histórico - Museu Imperial, Maço 195 - Doc. 8868, Paris, 03/11/1886.
[15] Schatzmayr HG, Cabral MC. Primeiros eventos em Virologia no estado do Rio de janeiro. In: A virologia no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Uma visão global. 2a Edição, Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz, 2012, p. 19-34.
[16] O Brazil-Medico: revista semanal de medicina e cirurgia . O Instituto Pasteur do Rio de Janeiro, v. 2, 1888, p. 65-7.
[17] Le Figaro. Inauguration de L´Institute Pasteur. Jeudi 15 Novembre, 1888, p. 2.
[18] Pasteur, Louis (POB). Arquivo Histórico - Museu Imperial, Maço 198 - Doc. 8966, Paris, 14/04 e 28/11/1888.
[19] Hajj Hussein I, Chams N, Chams S, El Sayegh S, Badran R, Raad M, Gerges-Geagea A, Leone A, Jurjus A. Vaccines Through Centuries: Major Cornerstones of Global Health. Front Public Health 2015;3:269. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2015.00269.
[20] Mérieux C. 1879-1979, il y a cent ans un professeur de l'École Vétérinaire de Lyon, Victor Galtier, présentait à l'Académie des Sciences ses travaux sur la prophylaxie de la rage. Bull Acad Natl Med 1979;163(2):125-7
[21] Bazin H. Vaccination: A History from Lady Montagu to Genetic Engineering. Montrouge, France: John Libbey Eurotext, 2011, p. 284, 466.
[22] Tarantola A. Four Thousand Years of Concepts Relating to Rabies in Animals and Humans, Its Prevention and Its Cure. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017;2(2). doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed2020005.
[23] Robbins L. Louis Pasteur: and the hidden world of microbes. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
[24] Rice TW. The historical, ethical, and legal background of human-subjects research. Respir Care 2008;53(10):1325-9.
[25] Gelfand T. 11 January 1887, the day medicine changed: Joseph Grancher's defense of Pasteur's treatment for rabies. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 2002;76 (4): 698–718. doi:10.1353/bhm.2002.0176.
[26] Pasteur L, Chamberland C, Roux PPE. Sur la rage. C R Acad Sci (Paris) 1881;92(I):1259–60
[27] Pasteur L, Chamberland C, Roux PPE. Nouvelle communication sur la rage. C R Acad Sci (Paris) 1884;98:457–63.
[28] Pasteur L, Chamberland C, Roux PPE. Nouvelle communication sur la rage. C R Acad Sci (Paris) 1884;98(I):1229–31.
[29] Pasteur L. Méthode pour prévenir la rage après morsure. C R Acad Sci (Paris) 1885;101(II):765–74.
[30] Pasteur L. Thérapeutique. Résultats de l'application de la méthode pour prevenir la rage après morsure. C R Acad Sci (Paris) 1886;102(I):459–69.
[31] Rappuoli R. Inner Workings: 1885, C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014;111(34):12273. doi:10.1073/pnas.1414226111.
[32] Keim A, Lumet L. Louis Pasteur. Publisher New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1914.
[33] Institute Pasteur. History of the museum. Available at: https://www.pasteur.fr/en/history-museum. Accessed on 09/06/2020.
[34] Williams MW. Dom Pedro the Magnanimous - the second emperor of Brazil. Oxon, Inglaterra: Frank Cass & Company Limited, 1966, 244-263.
[35] Instituto Estadual do Patrimônio Cultural – Inepac. Nome: Conjunto de bens em Laranjeiras. Número do processo: E-18/001.553/98. Available at: http://www.inepac.rj.gov.br/index.php/bens_tombados/detalhar/317. Accessed on 09/06/2020.