Keywords
air pollution
children’s health
asthma incidence rate
children’s health
asthma incidence rate
Abstract
Introduction: Asthma, as a multifactorial disease is closely connected with air pollution. Discovering interconnection between concentrations of air pollutants and asthma incidence rate among children provides information for developing effective measures to reduce air pollution and improve population health. Study purpose was to carry out hygienic analysis of the influence of atmospheric air quality on the incidence rate of bronchial asthma and the asthmatic status of children in Minsk in 2009-2018.
Methods: During 2019 retrospective health cohort study was conducted, data from stationary air quality monitoring posts were collected. Correlation analysis was conducted by determining the Pearson rank correlation coefficient.
Results: Strong evidence was found for concentrations of particulate matter (dust / aerosol undifferentiated in composition), lead, ammonia and nitrogen dioxide making a significant contribution to the formation of elevated asthma and asthmatic status morbidity. The age group of risk are children under the age of 9 years (inclusive).
Conclusions: Patterns obtained in this study are confirmed by the results of other studies (Wang et al. 2017; Orellano et al. 2017). Nevertheless, the main limitations in study are associated with the heterogeneity of the distribution of air quality monitoring posts and the changing list of controlled pollutants for the analyzed period.
References
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33. Dharmage SC, Perret JL, Custovic A. Epidemiology of Asthma in Children and Adults. Front Pediatr. 2019 Jun 18;7:246. doi: 10.3389/fped.2019.00246. PMID: 31275909; PMCID: PMC6591438.
34. WHO (World Health Organization). Children's environmental health. https://www.who.int/ceh/risks/en/ [accessed 24 January 2020].
35. Brozek G, Lawson J, Shpakou A, Fedortsiv O, Hryshchuk L, Rennie D, Zejda J. Childhood asthma prevalence and risk factors in three Eastern European countries--the Belarus, Ukraine, Poland Asthma Study (BUPAS): an international prevalence study. BMC Pulm Med. 2016 Jan 14;16:11. doi: 10.1186/s12890-016-0172-x. PMID: 26762156; PMCID: PMC4712510.
2. WHO (World Health Organization). EUR/RC65/18. 2015. Progress report on the European Environment and Health Process. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/283839/65wd18e_EHP_150476.pdf?ua=1 [accessed 24 January 2020].
3. Hedley AJ, Wong CM, Thach TQ, Ma S, Lam TH, Anderson HR. Cardiorespiratory and all-cause mortality after restrictions on sulfur content of fuel in Hong Kong: an intervention study. Lancet. 2002 Nov 23;360(9346):1646-52. PMID: 12457788.
4. Carlsten C. Air pollution and children's respiratory health. Can Respir J. 2015 Sep-Oct;22(5):256. doi: 10.1155/2015/439204. PMID: 26436909; PMCID: PMC4596644.
5. Qiu H, Tian L, Ho KF, Pun VC, Wang X, Yu IT. Air pollution and mortality: effect modification by personal characteristics and specific cause of death in a case-only study. Environ Pollut. 2015 Apr;199:192-7. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.002. PMID: 25679980.
6. Clancy L, Goodman P, Sinclair H, Dockery DW. Effect of air-pollution control on death rates in Dublin, Ireland: an intervention study. Lancet. 2002 Oct 19;360(9341):1210-4. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11281-5. PMID: 12401247.
7. Yamamoto SS, Phalkey R, Malik AA. A systematic review of air pollution as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in South Asia: limited evidence from India and Pakistan. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2014 Mar;217(2-3):133-44. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.08.003. PMID: 24064368.
8. Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S, Beasley R; Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Program. The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report. Allergy. 2004 May;59(5):469-78. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00526.x. PMID: 15080825.
9. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2019. Asthma. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/asthma/ [accessed 24 January 2020].
10. Romeo E, De Sario M, Forastiere F, Compagnucci P, Stafoggia M, Bergamaschi A, Perucci CA. PM 10 exposure and asthma exacerbations in pediatric age: a meta-analysis of panel and time-series studies. Epidemiol Prev. 2006 Jul-Oct;30(4-5):245-54. PMID: 17176939.
11. Gasana J, Dillikar D, Mendy A, Forno E, Ramos Vieira E. Motor vehicle air pollution and asthma in children: a meta-analysis. Environ Res. 2012 Aug;117:36-45. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.05.001. PMID: 22683007.
12. Bowatte G, Lodge C, Lowe AJ, Erbas B, Perret J, Abramson MJ, Matheson M, Dharmage SC. The influence of childhood traffic-related air pollution exposure on asthma, allergy and sensitization: a systematic review and a metaanalysis of birth cohort studies. Allergy. 2015 Mar;70(3):245-56. doi: 10.1111/all.12561. PMID: 25495759.
13. Mentz G, Robins TG, Batterman S, Naidoo RN. Acute respiratory symptoms associated with short term fluctuations in ambient pollutants among schoolchildren in Durban, South Africa. Environ Pollut. 2018 Feb;233:529-539. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.108. Epub 2017 Nov 5. PMID: 29102883; PMCID: PMC5764788.
14. Sanitary and epidemiological service of the city of Minsk. Air quality in the city of Minsk according to route posts of the state institution “Minsk City Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology” for the 1st quarter of 2016. http://www.minsksanepid.by/node/18231. [accessed 24 January 2020].
15. State institution "Republican Center for Hydrometeorology, Radioactive Contamination Control and Environmental Monitoring" of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Republic of Belarus. Atmospheric air monitoring. http://rad.org.by/articles/vozduh/monitoring-atmosfernogo-vozduha.html [accessed 24 January 2020].
16. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2012. Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice. https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson3/section2.html [accessed 24 January 2020].
17. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). Public Health Statement for Formaldehyde. 2008. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=218&tid=39 [accessed 24 January 2020].
18. McGwin G, Lienert J, Kennedy JI. Formaldehyde exposure and asthma in children: a systematic review. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Mar;118(3):313-7. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901143. Epub 2009 Nov 6. PMID: 20064771; PMCID: PMC2854756.
19. IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety). SIDS Initial Assessment Report. Formaldehyde. 2003 https://web.archive.org/web/20190328010406/http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/FORMALDEHYDE.pdf [accessed 24 January 2020].
20. Wang IJ, Karmaus WJJ, Yang CC. Lead exposure, IgE, and the risk of asthma in children. J J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2017 Sep;27(5):478-483. doi: 10.1038/jes.2017.5. PMID: 28401896.
21. Loftus C, Yost M, Sampson P, Torres E, Arias G, Breckwich Vasquez V, Hartin K, Armstrong J, Tchong-French M, Vedal S, Bhatti P, Karr C. Ambient Ammonia Exposures in an Agricultural Community and Pediatric Asthma Morbidity. Epidemiology. 2015 Nov;26(6):794-801. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000368. PMID: 26352250; PMCID: PMC4587379.
22. Padappayil RP, Borger J. Ammonia Toxicity. [Updated 2019 Aug 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546677/.
23. Perkins MW, Wong B, Tressler J, Rodriguez A, Sherman K, Andres J, Devorak J, L Wilkins W, Sciuto AM. Adverse respiratory effects in rats following inhalation exposure to ammonia: respiratory dynamics and histopathology. Inhal Toxicol. 2017 Jan;29(1):32-41. doi: 10.1080/08958378.2016.1277571.
24. Neghab M, Mirzaei A, Kargar Shouroki F, Jahangiri M, Zare M, Yousefinejad S. Ventilatory disorders associated with occupational inhalation exposure to nitrogen trihydride (ammonia). Ind Health. 2018 Oct 3;56(5):427-435. doi: 10.2486/indhealth.2018-0014. Epub 2018 Jun 9. PMID: 29887542; PMCID: PMC6172184.
25. Orellano P, Quaranta N, Reynoso J, Balbi B, Vasquez J. Effect of outdoor air pollution on asthma exacerbations in children and adults: Systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Mar 20;12(3):e0174050. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174050. PMID: 28319180; PMCID: PMC5358780.
26. Zheng XY, Ding H, Jiang LN, Chen SW, Zheng JP, Qiu M, Zhou YX, Chen Q, Guan WJ. Association between Air Pollutants and Asthma Emergency Room Visits and Hospital Admissions in Time Series Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2015 Sep 18;10(9):e0138146. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138146. PMID: 26382947; PMCID: PMC4575194.
27. Zhu L, Ge X, Chen Y, Zeng X, Pan W, Zhang X, Ben S, Yuan Q, Xin J, Shao W, Ge Y, Wu D, Han Z, Zhang Z, Chu H, Wang M. Short-term effects of ambient air pollution and childhood lower respiratory diseases. Sci Rep. 2017 Jun 30;7(1):4414. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04310-7. PMID: 28667279; PMCID: PMC5493680.
28. Weinmayr G, Romeo E, De Sario M, Weiland SK, Forastiere F. Short-term effects of PM10 and NO2 on respiratory health among children with asthma or asthma-like symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Apr;118(4):449-57. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0900844. Epub 2009 Nov 12. PMID: 20064785; PMCID: PMC2854719.
29. Iskandar A, Andersen ZJ, Bønnelykke K, Ellermann T, Andersen KK, Bisgaard H. Coarse and fine particles but not ultrafine particles in urban air trigger hospital admission for asthma in children. Thorax. 2012; 67:252–7. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200324. PMID: 22156960.
30. Noh J, Sohn J, Cho J, Cho SK, Choi YJ, Kim C, Shin DC. Short-term Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on Emergency Department Visits for Asthma: An Assessment of Effect Modification by Prior Allergic Disease History. J Prev Med Public Health. 2016 Sep;49(5):329-341. doi: 10.3961/jpmph.16.038. Epub 2016 Sep 8. PMID: 27744674; PMCID: PMC5066424.
31. Zahran HS, Bailey CM, Damon SA, Garbe PL, Breysse PN. Vital Signs: Asthma in Children — United States, 2001–2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:149–155. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6705e1.
32. Ferrante G, La Grutta S. The Burden of Pediatric Asthma. Front Pediatr. 2018 Jun 22;6:186. doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00186. PMID: 29988370; PMCID: PMC6023992.
33. Dharmage SC, Perret JL, Custovic A. Epidemiology of Asthma in Children and Adults. Front Pediatr. 2019 Jun 18;7:246. doi: 10.3389/fped.2019.00246. PMID: 31275909; PMCID: PMC6591438.
34. WHO (World Health Organization). Children's environmental health. https://www.who.int/ceh/risks/en/ [accessed 24 January 2020].
35. Brozek G, Lawson J, Shpakou A, Fedortsiv O, Hryshchuk L, Rennie D, Zejda J. Childhood asthma prevalence and risk factors in three Eastern European countries--the Belarus, Ukraine, Poland Asthma Study (BUPAS): an international prevalence study. BMC Pulm Med. 2016 Jan 14;16:11. doi: 10.1186/s12890-016-0172-x. PMID: 26762156; PMCID: PMC4712510.