Keywords
COVID-19
SARS-CoV
Changing epidemiology
evolution
SARS-CoV
Changing epidemiology
evolution
Abstract
SARS-CoV2 is a new form of β‐coronavirus that has been recently discovered and is responsible for COVID 19 pandemic. The earliest infection can be traced back to Wuhan, China. From there it has spread all over the world. It is considered to have a zoonotic origin in bats and has resulted in human to human transmission. SARS-CoV2 is considered to be a strain of SARS-CoV that has a high rate of pathogenicity and transmissibility. It has been documented that the total number of confirmed cases and deaths in Europe is comparatively significant than other parts of the world. Thus, keeping in view the above perspective, an attempt is made in order to find out the epidemiological pattern of COVID 19 pandemic, if any, in different geo-climatological regions of the world in terms of case incidence and mortality. This study is also an endeavor to review and analyze the gradual changes of the genetic makeup of SARS CoV from evolutionary and epidemiological perspectives.
References
References
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[1] Raoult D, Zumla A, Locatelli F, Ippolito G, & Kroemer G Coronavirus infections:Epidemiological, clinical and immunological features and hypotheses, Cell Stress 2020, Editorial. In Press.
[2] Guo Y-R, Cao Q-D, Hong Z-S, Tan Y-Y, Chen S-D, Jin H-J, Tan K-S, Wang D-Y, Yan Y. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status, Mil. Med. Res. 2020, 7(11): 02-10.
[3] Chatterjee, R & Bhattacharya S. Could Novel Corona Virus (Sars-Cov-2) be the Evolving Face of a New generation of genetically complex epidemiological challenge?, Malays. J. Med. Res. 2020, 4(2):49-52. doi: 10.31674/mjmr.2020.v04i02.007
[4] Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, Pan P, Wang W, Hu D, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wu, J. Coronavirus infections and immune responses, J. Med. Virol. 2020, 92: 424-432. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25685
[5] Cui J, Li F, Shi, Z-L. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses, Nat. Rev. Microbiol 2019, 17(3):181-192. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9
[6] Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Sironi M. Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes, TRENDS MICROBIOL 2017, 25(1): 35-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.001
[7] Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai ACK, Zhou J, Liu W, Bi Y, Gao, GF. Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses, TRENDS MICROBIOL 2016, 24(6):490-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003
[8] Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Coronavirus Infections-More Than Just the Common Cold. JAMA 2020, 328(8): 707. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.0757
[9] Lacroix A, Duong V, Hul V, San S, Davun H, Omaliss K, Chea S, Hassanin A, Theppangna W, Silithammavong S, Khammavong K, Singhalath S, Greatorex Z, Fine AE, Goldstein T, Olson S, Joly DO, Keatts L, Dussart P, Afelt A, Frutos R & Buchy P. Genetic diversity of coronaviruses in bats in Lao PDR and Cambodia, Infect. Genet. Evol 2017, 48:10-18.
[10] Simas, PVM, de Souza Barnabe, AC, Durães-Carvalho, R, de Lima Neto, DF, Caserta, LC, Artacho, L, Jacomassa, FAF, Martini, MC, dos Santos, MMAB, Felippe, PAN, Ferreira, HL, Arns CW. Bat coronavirus in Brazil related to appalachian ridge and porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2015, 21:729-731. doi: 10.3201/eid2104.141783
[11] Song Z, Xu Y, Bao L, Zhang L, Yu P, Qu Y, et al. From SARS to MERS, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight, Viruses 2019, 11(1): E59. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11010059
[12] Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin, Nature 2020, 579(7798): 270-273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
[13] WHO report, Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situation report, 22 (Report). . 11 February 2020. hdl:10665/330991,. "Coronavirus: From bats to pangolins, how do viruses reach us?". Retrieved on 13 March 2020.
[14] Shi J, Wen Z, Zhong G, Zhong G, Yang H, Wang C, Huang B, Liu R, He X, Shuai L, Sun Z, Zhao Y. Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS–coronavirus 2. Science 2020; 1-9. DOI: 10.1126/science.abb7015
[15] Gobalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA et al. "The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2". Nat. Microbiol. 2020, 5(4): 536–544. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z
[16] Tang X, Wu C, Li X, Song Y, Yao X, Wu X, Duan Y et al. On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2, Natl. Sci. Rev. 2020, nwaa036.
[17] Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI et al. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV- 2. Nat Med 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9
[18] Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, function and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV2-2 spike glycoprotein, Cell 2020, In Press, doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058
[19] WHO Situation report 2020 on COVID 19, https://www.who.int/docs/default- source/coronaviruse/situation- reports/20200404-sitrep-75-covid 19.pdf?sfvrsn=99251b2b_2,(Accessed on 05.04.2020)
[20] Banerjee S, Dhar S, Bhattacharjee S, Bhattacherjee P. Decoding the lethal effect of SARS-COV-2 (novel coronavirus) strains from global perspective: molecular pathogenesis and evolutionary divergence, bioRxiv 2020, 027854. Doi: http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.06.027854
[21] Yi Y, Lagniton P, Ye S, Li E, & Xu R. H. COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease, Int J Biol Sci 2020,16(10): 1753–1766. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45134
[22][ Dimmock NJ, Easton AJ, & Leppard K . ‘Introduction to modern virology’. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub 2007. p. 65.
[23] Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen, D. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study , The Lancet 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30198-5
[24] Guzman MG, & Vazquez S. The complexity of antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection, Viruses 2020, 2(12): 2649–62.
[25] van der Hoek L, Pyrc K, Berkhout B. Human coronavirus NL63, a new respiratory virus. FEMS Microbiol. Rev 2006, 30(5): 760–73.
[26] Mehta P, F McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression, The Lancet 2020, 395: 1033-1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(20)30630-9
[27] Chin AWH, Chu JTS, Perera MRA, Hui KPY, Yen H-L, Chan MCW, Peiris M, Poon LLM. 2020, ‘Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions’, The Lancet Microbe 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2666-5247(20)30003-3