Keywords
Cholera
Knowledge
Socioeconomic characteristics
Water; Sanitation; Hygiene(WaSH)
Yemen
Knowledge
Socioeconomic characteristics
Water; Sanitation; Hygiene(WaSH)
Yemen
Abstract
Objectives: To improve prevention and control response to the cholera outbreak, we sought to assess and compare the community’s cholera awareness and needs in high and low epidemic areas in Aden. Methods: A community-based comparative survey was conducted in 2017. We used multi-stage cluster sampling. Eligible household heads in high and low epidemic areas were interviewed. The data collected from both areas using a pretested questionnaire. Results: Cholera cases and mortality were higher in high epidemic areas compared with low epidemic areas. Socioeconomic, water, sanitation, and hygienic conditions were poorer in high epidemic areas compared with low epidemic areas. Knowledge of cholera transmission and prevention was sub-optimal in both areas. We found a mismatch between the delivered education and distributed preventive materials. Conclusions: Stakeholders should tailor the design, content, and implementation of future cholera prevention and control methods to meet the needs of the community. Future educational camping should focus on transmission prevention, including vaccination. Education and sustainable interventions should be implemented to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene.
References
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[2] Legros D. Global cholera epidemiology : Opportunities to reduce the burden of cholera by 2030. J Infect Dis.2018;218(Suppl 3):137–40. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/218/suppl_3/S137/5089194 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy486
[3] Clemens JD, Nair GB, Ahmed T, Qadri F, Holmgren J. Cholera. Lancet. 2017;6736(17):1–11. Available at: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30559-7/fulltext DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30559-7
[4] Ali M, Nelson AR, Lopez AL, Sack DA. Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(6):1–13. Available at: https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003832
[5] Johnston G, Yarnell W, Nelder MP, Lloyd JE, Loftis AD, Reeves WK, et al. Conflict and emerging infectious diseases on a global level. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008; 14(6): 1004–5. Available at: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/6/pdfs/08-0027.pdf Accessed on 10/01/2019
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[8] World Health Orgnization. Cholera cases in Yemen. World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office. 2016. Epidemic and pandemic-prone diseases: archived outbreak. Available at: http://www.emro.who.int/pandemic-epidemic-diseases/cholera/cholera-cases-in-yemen.html Accessed on 19/01/2019.
[[9] World Health Orgnization. Cholera situation in Yemen: November 2016. Cairo, Egypt; 2016. Available at: http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/csr/documents/Infographics_cholera_YEM-situation_update_November_2016-_2.pdf . Accessed on 19/01/2019.
[10] World Health Organization. Weekly update: cholera cases in Yemen, 21 March 2017. World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office. 2017. Epidemic and pandemic-prone diseases: archived outbreaks. Available at: http://www.emro.who.int/pandemic-epidemic-diseases/cholera/update-cholera-cases-in-yemen-21-march-2017.html . Accessed on 19/01/2019.
[11] World Health Organization. Cholera situation in Yemen: January 2019. Cairo, Egypt; 2019. Available at: http://applications.emro.who.int/docs/EMROPub_2019_EN_22332.pdf?ua=1. Accessed on 19/01/2019.
[12] Spiegel PB, Ratnayake R, Hellman N, Lantagne DS, Ververs M, Ngwa M, et al. Cholera in Yemen : a case study of epidemic preparedness and response. Baltimore; 2018. Available at: http://hopkinshumanitarianhealth.org/assets/documents/CHOLERA_YEMEN_REPORT_LONG_Low_Res_Dec_4_2018.pdf Accessed on 22/01/2019
[13] World Health Orgnization. Cholera: Key facts. 2019. Available at: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera Accessed on 22/01/2019
[14] Global task force on cholera control. Global task force on cholera control: prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations. World Health Orgnization. 2019. p. 2. Available at: https://www.who.int/cholera/technical/prevention/control/en/index1.html Accessed on 22/01/2019
[15] Davis R, Luna J, Rodriguez-Lainz A, Sarriot E. Rapid health survy: pinciples and design handbook. ICF Macro and Public health institute. Calverton, MD; 2009.
[16] Primary health Care ( Aden ) and World Health Organization. Cholera cases in Aden Week 34 ( unpublished data). 2017.
[17] Working group on monitoring and evaluatio. Knowledge , attitudes , and practices (KAP) surveys during cholera vaccination campaigns : guidance for oral cholera vaccine stockpile campaigns “ working copy .” 2014. https://www.who.int/cholera/vaccines/kap_protocol.pdf. Accessed on 22/01/2019
[18] Wahed T, Shah S, Kaukab T, Saha NC, Khan IA, Khanam F. Knowledge of , attitudes toward , and preventive practices relating to cholera and oral cholera vaccine among urban high-risk groups : findings of a cross-sectional study in Dhaka , Bangladesh. 2013; https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-13-242 DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-13-242
[19] Quick RE, Gerber ML, Palacios ANAM, Beingolea L, Vargas R, Mujica O, et al. Using a knowledge , attitudes and practices survey to supplement findings of an outbreak investigation : Cholera prevention measures during the 1991 Epidemic in Peru. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25(4):872–8. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/25/4/872/655830 DOI: 10.1093/ije/25.4.872
[20] Chandler C, Fairhead J, Kelly A, Leach M, Martineau F, Mokuwa E, et al. Ebola : limitations of correcting misinformation. Lancet. 2014;385(9975):1275–7. Available at: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)62382-5/fulltext DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62382-5
[21] Ripoll S, Ayele S, Dirie Y, Scott-Villiers P, Lind J, Carruth L, et al. Contextual factors shaping cholera transmission and treatment-seeking in Somalia and the Somali region of Ethiopia. The social science in humanitarian action. 2017. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d612/f96b6831f54ba6e37d4d12737886a7a8cc7a.pdf. Accessed on 22/01/2019
.[22] World Health Organization. Community engagement contributes to control of acute watery diarrhea in Ethiopia's Somali region. World Health Organization. 2017. p. 1–4. Available at: https://www.afro.who.int/news/community-engagement-contributes-control-acute-watery-diarrhea-ethiopias-somali-region Accessed on 22/01/2019.
[23] Merga N, Alemayehu T. Knowledge , perception , and management skills of mothers withunder-five children about diarrhoeal disease in indigenous and resettlement communities in Assosa district , Western Ethiopia. JHPN. 2015;33(1):20–30. Available from: http://www.jhpn.net/index.php/jhpn/article/view/3191 Accessed on 22/01/2019.
[24] Sur D, Deen JL, Manna B, Niyogi SK, Deb AK, Kanungo S, et al. The burden of cholera in the slums of Kolkata, India: data from a prospective, community based study. Arch Dis Child [Internet]. 2005;90:1175–81. Available at: https://adc.bmj.com/content/90/11/1175 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2004.071316 Accessed on 19/01/2019
[25] Federspiel F, Ali M. The cholera outbreak in Yemen : lessons learned and way forward. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:1338–46. Available at: https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-6227-6 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6227-6