Keywords
noise
workers
sailva cortisol
workers
sailva cortisol
Abstract
Background. Noise has different auditory and non-auditory effects on human. In noisy environments, noise as a non-specific stressor can activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA, cor- tisol). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic exposure to noise on salivary cortisol on industrial workers.
Methods. This cross-sectional study had a case/control design. 136 male workers (68 workers were exposed to chronic industrial noise, and 68 other workers were exposed to background noise) voluntarily enrolled in the study. The equivalent noise level was measured at workstations and salivary cortisol for both case and control groups was measured at the beginning (6 AM) and also at the end of work shift (4 PM). The amount of change in the average of the values of the two groups were compared with each other.
Results. The measured Leq8h (equivalent continuous sound level) in case and control groups were 87.43 dB-A and 67.6 dB-A, respectively. Comparison of salivary cortisol levels change in groups shows a significant differences in control groups for salivary cortisol in the morning and in the evening samples (p < 0.05); but not in the case group (p = 0.052). Also, comparison of salivary cortisol levels changes with noise exposure experience in the case subgroups revealed no significant difference (p > 0.05).
Conclusion. This study showed that chronic exposure to industrial noise can lead to a change in pattern of salivary cortisol secretion especially in the evening (at the end of the work shift), in a way that instead of its normal decrease, an increase happened.
References
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[24] Fouladi DB, Nassiri P, Monazzam EM, Farahani S, Hassanzadeh G, Hoseini M. Industrial noise exposure and salivary cortisol in blue collar industrial workers. Noise Health 2012; 14: 184-9. doi: 10.4103/1463-1741.99894.
[25] Hébert S, Lupien SJ. Salivary cortisol levels, subjective stress, and tinnitus intensity in tinnitus sufferers during noise exposure in the laboratory. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2009; 212: 37-44. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.11.005
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[27] Rai R, Singh AP, Upadhyay TN, Patil SK, Nayar HS. Biochemical effects of chronic exposure to noise in man. Int Arch Occup Environ Health1981; 48: 331-37. PMID: 7298205
[28] Melamed S, Bruhis S. The effects of chronic industrial noise exposure on urinary cortisol, fatigue, and irritability: A controlled field experiment. J Occup Environ Med 1996; 38: 252-6. PMID: 8882096
[29] Zare S, Baneshi MR, Hemmatjo R, Ahmadi S, Omidvar M, Fouladi DB. The Effect of Occupational Noise Exposure on Serum Cortisol Concentration of Night-shift Industrial Workers: A Field Study. Saf Health Work 2019; 10: 109-13. doi: 10.1016/j.shaw.2018.07.002
[30] Stokholm, ZA, Hansen ÅM, Grynderup MB, Bonde JP, Christensen KL, Frederiksen TW, Lund SP, Vestergaard JM, Kolstad HA. Recent and long-term occupational noise exposure and salivary cortisol level. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 39: 21-32. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.028.
[31] Sudo A, Nguyen AL, Jonai H, Matsuda S, Villanueva MB, Sotoyama M, Nguyen TC, Le VT, Hoang MH, Nguyen DT, Nguyen S. Effects of earplugs on catecholamine and cortisol excretion in noise-exposed textile workers. Industrial health 1996; 34: 279-86. Doi: 10.2486/indhealth.34.279
[32] Selander J, Bluhm G, Theorell T, Pershagen G, Babisch W, Seiffert I, Houthuijs D, Breugelmans O, Vigna-Taglianti F, Antoniotti MC, Velonakis E, Davou E, Dudley ML, Järup L; HYENA Consortium. Saliva cortisol and exposure to aircraft noise in six European countries. Environ Health Perspect. 2009; 117(11):1713-7. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0900933.
[2] Davies HW, Teschke K, Kennedy SM, Hodgson MR, Hertzman C, Demers PA. Occupational exposure to noise and mortality from acute myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 2005; 16: 25-32. doi: 10.1097/01.ede.0000147121.13399.bf
[3] Ibrahimi GL, Fouladi DB, Hesampour M, Ahmadi AK. Application of a TiO2 nanocomposite in earplugs: a case study of noise reduction. Int J Occup Saf Ergon 2018. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2018.1452363.
[4] Ferrite S, Santana V. Joint effects of smoking, noise exposure and age on hearing loss. Occup med 2005; 55: 48-53. DOI:10.1093/occmed/kqi002
[5] Nassiri P, Monazzam MR, Asghari M, Zakerian SA, Farhang SD, Folladi B, Azam K.The interactive effect of industrial noise type, level and frequency characteristics on occupational skills. Performance Enhancement Health 2014; 3: 61–5. doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2015.01.001
[6] Mohammadi A, Ibrahimi GL, Fouladi DB, Jamshidnezhad A. Combined Effect of Noise Exposure and Smoking on Hearing Thresholds in Workers in a Petrochemical Plant. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2018;12: 918.
[7] Williams W. The epidemiology of noise exposure in the Australian workforce. Noise health 2013;15: 66. doi: 10.4103/1463-1741.116578.
[8] Tak S, Davis RR, Calvert GM. Exposure to hazardous workplace noise and use of hearing protection devices among US workers—NHANES, 1999–2004. Am J Indus Med 2009; 52: 358-371. doi: 10.1002/ajim.20690.
[9] Barreto SM, Swerdlow AJ, Smith PG, Higgins CD. A nested case-control study of fatal work related injuries among Brazilian steel workers. Occup Environ Med 1997; 54: 599-604. DOI:10.1136/oem.54.8.599
[10] Rachiotis G, Alexopoulos C, Drivas S. Occupational exposure to noise, and hearing function among electro production workers. Auris Nasus Larynx 2006; 33: 381-385. DOI:10.1016/j.anl.2006.03.008
[11] Rabinowitz PM. Noise-induced hearing loss. American Family Physician 2000; 1, 61(9):2749-2756.
[12] Mohammadi A, Ibrahimi GL, Fouladi DB, Behzadi A, Ahmadi AK. Comparison between Pure-tone Audiometry and Otoacoustic Emissions Methods in Workers’ Hearing Loss. Asian J Pharm 2018; 12: S772. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v12i02.2491
[13] Nassiri P, Monazam M, Dehaghi BF, Ibrahimi GL, Zakerian SA, Azam K. The effect of noise on human performance: A clinical trial. Int J Occup Environ Med 2013; 4:87-95. PMID: 23567534
[14] Rashnodi P, Deahghi BF, Mosavianasl Z, Salehy MMA, Shahidi H. Investigation of the perceived risk of using hands-free among Ahvaz university students of medical sciences in 2016. Pak J Med Health Sci 2018; 12: 456.
[15] Raffaello M, Maass A. Chronic exposure to noise in industry the effects on satisfaction, stress symptoms, and company attachment. Environ Behav 2002; 34: 651-671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916502034005005
[16] Passchier-Vermeer W, Passchier WF. Noise exposure and public health. Environ health Perspectives 2000; 108(Suppl 1): 123. doi: 10.1289/ehp.00108s1123
[17] Babisch W, Fromme H, Beyer A, Ising H. Increased catecholamine levels in urine in subjects exposed to road traffic noise: The role of stress hormones in noise research. Environ Int 2001; 26: 475-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00030-7
[18] Waye KP, Bengtsson J, Rylander R, Hucklebridge F, Evans P, Clow A. Low frequency noise enhances cortisol among noise sensitive subjects during work performance. Life Sci 2002; 70:745-58. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01450-3
[19] Bigert C, Bluhm G, Theorell T. Saliva cortisol–a new approach in noise research to study stress effects. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2005; 208: 227-30. DOI:10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.01.014
[20] Narlawar UW, Surjuse BG, Thakre SS. Hypertension and hearing impairment in workers of iron and steel industry. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 50: 60. PMID: 16850905
[21] ISO 9612: acoustics-determination of occupational noise exposure-engineering method; 2009. https://www.iso.org/standard/41718.html
[22] Saiyudthong S, Suwannarat P, Trongwongsa T, Srisurapanon S. Comparison between ECL and ELISA for the detection of salivary cortisol and determination of the relationship between cortisol in saliva and serum measured by ECL. Science Asia 2010;36:169-71. doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2010.36.169
[23] Green A, Jones AD, Sun K, Neitzel RL. The association between noise, cortisol and heart rate in a small-scale gold mining community—A pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12:9952-66. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120809952.
[24] Fouladi DB, Nassiri P, Monazzam EM, Farahani S, Hassanzadeh G, Hoseini M. Industrial noise exposure and salivary cortisol in blue collar industrial workers. Noise Health 2012; 14: 184-9. doi: 10.4103/1463-1741.99894.
[25] Hébert S, Lupien SJ. Salivary cortisol levels, subjective stress, and tinnitus intensity in tinnitus sufferers during noise exposure in the laboratory. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2009; 212: 37-44. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.11.005
[26] Gitanjali B, Ananth R. Effect of acute exposure to loud occupational noise during daytime on the nocturnal sleep architecture, heart rate, and cortisol secretion in healthy volunteers. J Occup health 2003; 45: 146-152. doi:10. 1539/joh.45.146
[27] Rai R, Singh AP, Upadhyay TN, Patil SK, Nayar HS. Biochemical effects of chronic exposure to noise in man. Int Arch Occup Environ Health1981; 48: 331-37. PMID: 7298205
[28] Melamed S, Bruhis S. The effects of chronic industrial noise exposure on urinary cortisol, fatigue, and irritability: A controlled field experiment. J Occup Environ Med 1996; 38: 252-6. PMID: 8882096
[29] Zare S, Baneshi MR, Hemmatjo R, Ahmadi S, Omidvar M, Fouladi DB. The Effect of Occupational Noise Exposure on Serum Cortisol Concentration of Night-shift Industrial Workers: A Field Study. Saf Health Work 2019; 10: 109-13. doi: 10.1016/j.shaw.2018.07.002
[30] Stokholm, ZA, Hansen ÅM, Grynderup MB, Bonde JP, Christensen KL, Frederiksen TW, Lund SP, Vestergaard JM, Kolstad HA. Recent and long-term occupational noise exposure and salivary cortisol level. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 39: 21-32. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.028.
[31] Sudo A, Nguyen AL, Jonai H, Matsuda S, Villanueva MB, Sotoyama M, Nguyen TC, Le VT, Hoang MH, Nguyen DT, Nguyen S. Effects of earplugs on catecholamine and cortisol excretion in noise-exposed textile workers. Industrial health 1996; 34: 279-86. Doi: 10.2486/indhealth.34.279
[32] Selander J, Bluhm G, Theorell T, Pershagen G, Babisch W, Seiffert I, Houthuijs D, Breugelmans O, Vigna-Taglianti F, Antoniotti MC, Velonakis E, Davou E, Dudley ML, Järup L; HYENA Consortium. Saliva cortisol and exposure to aircraft noise in six European countries. Environ Health Perspect. 2009; 117(11):1713-7. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0900933.